Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab

Life Of Omar stash away Al KhatabHistory is the hu slicesifestation of mans will it changes its course when an ordinary man shows Brobdingnagianly strong will power and thats how an ordinary man becomes a legend. Omar Bin Al-Khatab was one such character. He seems to have changed the course of history with his have will. Omar is regarded as nigh important figures in history of Islam and the true room decorator of Islamic Empire. Historical accounts prove him to be one of the greatest conquerors, a wise and just ruler and a man known for his saucer-eyed life-timestyle and love of God.Omar become the second Muslim ruler subsequently death of Muhammad and ruled for 10 years. He was a leading adviser to the Islamic prophet MuhammadOmar was a great admirer and companion of the prophet Mohammed. Omar reborn to Islam after 6 years of Mohammeds stolon revelation and worn out(p) 18 years accompanying the oracle. He succeeded the first caliph Abu Bakr on 23 rd of august 634 as t he second caliph and changed the historical edifice of Islamic history. Rising from the rank of a shepherd and a piffling merchant he became the true architecture of the Islamic genteelization. (Wikipedia, 2011)Early lifeHis mothers name was Hantammah and fathers name was Khattab ibn Nufayl, from the tribe ofBanu Makhzum. Omar was born to a middle split family and when he was a child his father put him to the task of grazing camels. His father was a tough taskmaster, and Omar often recalled how his father beaten him up mercilessly whenever in that respect was a mistake on his part. It seems that Omar grew up as a typical Arab boy -a tall young man with a robust physique and impressive persona.It is believed that among the Quraish of those days solitary(prenominal) 17 masses were able to read and write and Omar was one of them. He was really respectable and had a towering personality, intellectually and physically as well. He was a cracking public speaker. By all available accounts he seemed to be an average Arab youth .At the equivalent time he was gifted with self-respect, a broad-mind and a strong sense of evaluator. He appeared to be a man of strong convictions, a technical friend, and a bad enemy. He was continuously ready to stand up against the oppressor and advocate the cause of the weak. Later in his youth he took up the traditional profession of a trader. As a trader, he travelled vastly to Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, Rome and Persia and other places as well. He was a good trader he do good money and developed a good geopolitical understanding of the vicinity as well while travelling. (Islamic Point)Omar converted to Islam in 616, before that he was the fiercest opponent of Islam. Interestingly, he resolved to kill Prophet Mohammed to finish Islam altogether .He believed that the advent of in the raw faith of Islam will break the unity of Quraish. Omar was the some adamant and very cruel in persecuting Muslims.Converting to IslamIn th e year 616 Umar got converted to Islam. Once he read the verses of Quran, he was so impressed by the divinity of the verses he accepted Islam on that very same day in front of the prophet and his companions. Omars conversion gave confidence to the Muslims and they felt powered. It was seen as the victory of Islam, Muslims didnt offer prayers at al-harem mosque until Omar accepted Islam (Abdullah bin Masoud, n.d.). Because of all this the Prophet himself gave him the title of Al-Farooq, one who distinguishes true from falsehood.Now Islam was gaining popularity in 622 A.D. because of the increasing popularity of Islam in Medina, Mohammed ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Omar likewise went to Medina. Muslims lived peacefully in Medina for some a year before Quraish army attacked Medina .Omar contend key manipulation in the battles between Quraish and Muslims. (Encyclopedia)CaliphateHe succeeded the first caliph Abu Bakr in 634A.D. and played a key role in shaping the his tory of Islam. downstairs him the Islamic Empire was expanded at a rate that could only be compared to the great Roman Empire. His ruling abilities, administrative skills and his intelligently arrange attacks against the Persian Empire resulting in the conquest of the Persian Empire, established him as a great military and political leader of the era.But it was non very easy for him to get things under control as he was not a popular figure because of his strictness and autocratic nature. Abu Bakrs companions initially discouraged the idea of caliphate of Omar except Abu Bakr had other plans and he assured his voluminously ranking companions that once Omar becomes caliph he would be a changed man. Omar was very clear and did conveyed that he will be soft with them who followed the rules and would be boisterous and rude with those who wont follow the same.He wanted the well existence of the poor and underprivileged because of his populist policies he rapidly gained popularity . (Encyclopedia)Political and civil administrationUmars government was a unitary government Caliph had the commanding political authority. His empire was divided into autonomous and provinces. Provinces were divided into districts. There were atomic number 6 districts in the territory of Umar. The Wali (Provincial governors) were the administrator of these provinces, which were recruited by Umar. These were the officers position at the provincial level was which were appointed by Omaror the provincial governorsKatib (Chief Secretary), Sahib-ul-Kharaj, (Revenue Collector), Sahib-ul-Ahdath, (Police chief), Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal (Treasury Officer) and Qadi (Chief Judge).In some of the districts there were separate military officers. The Commander of the army in most of the places remained the same and that was the Governor (Wali). Whenever the appointed anyone they used to do that all in writing. vigor was without paperwork. When they were trying to appoint or appointed Wali the instru ment of instructions was made to the regulating conduct of Governors. (Wikipedia, 2010)Military expansionOmar was one of the greatest administrators of his era. Omar believed in consolidating his power and political influence. With the proper guidance of Umar, Islamic took a vast change and grew big time as a very unbendable rate. He introduced several administrative reforms he made aShura (consultative) council and want advice from them on matters of resign affairs. He divided the huge Islamic empire in different provinces and appointed a governor who was answerable to caliph. The Governors were divinatory to help in administration and whosoever used their office to get rich was severely punished.As a Caliph, Omar was ready to accept and adopt what was good in other civilizations as well. Wherever possible, he tried to tally from others and adopted the advanced techniques and administrative practices of the conquered people as well. For example, when Persia was conquered, Wind mills were in extensive use in Persia, Omar ordered the construction of windmills in several Arab provinces, including Medina.For the first time military was organized professionally and made a state discussion section. Finance, accounting, taxation and treasury departments were created for the first time in the Islamic Empire. Police, prisons and postal units were established. (Islamic Point)ReformsAgriculture was promoted during his caliphate. Irrigation system was reformed overage canals were excavated and new ones built. Large areas of pop were brought under cultivation. Roads were built and were regularly patrolled. A traveler could bunk with safety on the roads of the huge Islamic Empire.When Omar became the Caliph of Islam, most of the countries economy was based on slavery. Omar was the one who raised his voice against slavery. He took specific measure to eliminate slavery as far as possible.The huge territories of Islamic Empire West Asia and North Africa were transfor med into a free trade zone. Business brought prosperity. Omar understood the importance of didactics education was encouraged and teachers were paid well. The study of Quran,Hadith, language and literature and calligraphy have patronage from the Empire. Omar was himself a poet and an impressive orator. He constructed Over 4,000 mosques during his Caliphate.Technology and new administrative practices such as the construction of windmills, formation of accounting department were encouraged. In the empire new roads were laid out and old ones were repaired. Omar organized a population census in the Empire by-line the example of the china.Islamic dominionsextended progressively during the caliphate of Umar, almost 4000 mosques were constructed. He provided lights to the mosquesand passe-partoutclothto cover the Kaaba.It happened in the year 638 that Arabia fell into drought which was also been hence followed by a famine. To make this change and to make it break up Umar tried many t hings out of which one was hosting dinner every night. It was about(predicate) more than hundred thousand people who used to come for the dinner every night. Conditions began to improve in early 639. When famine ended then Umar went to see and guide the people. Not only he guided but also gave good amount, rations and also exempted them from tax (zakat)for that year and the year following(a) it.Omer went for hajj in Mecca when he was assassinated. He was assassinated in rejoinder to the Muslim conquest of Persia, by a Persian in 644. assassination of Umar was been assigned by Abu Lulu.The history of Omar shows and explains many things. He was a man with great powers of mind. He was very rigid in making justice and with inflexible integrity.

United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)

United Nations squirtren Fund (UNICEF)The purpose of this memo is to diminutively summarise the operations of the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) and its goals for the future. Following the end of innovation War II in 1946, The United Nations (UN) found a plan aimed to provide the basic necessities of life to famine and disease ridden kidren in Europe1. On the 11th of December, 1946, UNICEF was born2. UNICEF was created for the purpose of holloing the needs of underprivileged sisterren which intromit diminishing the prevalence of disease, malnutrition, gentlemans gentleman immu clientficiency virus/AIDS and violence while ensuring all minorren nonplus attack to smell education3.Work Conducted by UNICEFOne stated goal of UNICEF is to armed combat the inordinate number of young child and pregnancy related deaths4. A large proportion of these deaths occur due to preventable diseases and illnesses, malnutrition, poor sanitization and a severe lack of medical facilit ies5. In their efforts to minimise the deaths, UNICEF has established successful, uncomplicated and cost effective involvements within problem areas of the world6. Some of these contri exactlyions include vaccinations, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, insecticide-treated bed nets and the implementation of safer and more hygienic practices7.The prominence of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS in underdeveloped countries is another substantial hurdle UNICEF faces8. As well as establishing methods of preventing the transmission of HIV, UNICEF also provides aegis, treatment and support for children alter by HIV/AIDS9. In conjunction with other child apology establishments, UNICEF has instigated social security measures schemes to increase exposure to education and health serve and aid communities and carers10.UNICEF has found the prominence of violence and ontogenesis of children to be superstar of the prime crises across the globe11. Issues such as unregistered births, ch ild labour, child marriage, sexual exploitation of children, female genital mutilation, violence against children and other human rights violations are highly prevalent and insufficiently recognised and addressed12. By providing a protective environment for children and raising awareness of these child abuses, UNICEF hopes to generate responses and load measures to counteract these violations of childrens human rights13.Another area UNICEF hopes to address is the lack of quality education ready(prenominal) to many children14. According to the Universal resoluteness of man Rights (UDHR) article 26, education is a basic human right15. development is the tail of personal and societal maturation. Implementing the assistance of local, national and international partners, UNICEF works to justify every child is entitled to a quality education, regardless of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic background or personal circumstances16. gender equality is another watertight focus as UNIC EF works to increase the number of girls with access to education17. UNICEF approaches these educational problems with a rights- found attitude with the hope of improving some of societies entrenched inequalities18. Priorities get been established by UNICEF to overcome the problems, which include equal access, universal firsthand education, gender quality and female education, post-crisis and emergency education, early childhood development and enhanced educational quality19. However, UNICEF understands that its aims for universal education require a capacious term global commitment20.UNICEFs dominant role is that of working in emergencies and delivering adapted humanitarian assistance to children in need21. During war times, UNICEF initiates critical interventions to save the lives and protect the rights of conquerable children22. The focus of these interventions is to provide and ascertain emergency healthcare, sufficient food, clean inebriety water and sanitation23. Post-wa r restoration of educational institutions assists with child protection and the reinstatement of normal routines24. Wartimes often bring about increased female violence, child abduction and gathering of child soldiers. UNICEF works to combat these problems in three predominant ways prevention, protection, recovery and reintegration25.Criticisms of UNICEFDespite their humanitarian stance, UNICEF has received criticisms from various groups, governments and individuals for failing to adequately address the problems facing particular groups. Israeli non-governmental organisation NGO monitor, is highly critical of UNICEFs involvement with and funding of Palestinian Youth Association for Leadership and Rights activation (PYALARA)26. A supposed non-political group, NGO Monitor alleges that PYALARA has been dishonest concerning its hidden agenda27. PYALARAs young person newspaper has been reported by NGO Monitor to advocate undecided political intentions and indirectly show support of terror attacks on civilians and self-annihilation bombings28. UNICEF has a policy of only supporting non-political organisations and has been criticised by NGO Monitor for showing political bias or negligence in their commerce to be aware of PYALARAs true activities29.UNICEF has also been disapproved of by the American intent League for the introduction of family planning as part of their maternal and child health services30. With these new services came the distribution of contraceptives by UNICEF to countries suffering overpopulation and poverty31. concisely after this controversy, UNICEF reportedly spent vast amounts of funding to initiate sterilization facilities in countries around the world32. Further to these claims, the Catholic Church attacked UNICEF for its promotion of contraceptives, miscarriage and sterilisation, and display of a suction abortion machine order figure out on the UNICEF website33. In 1996, following the discovery of a sterilising agent in the UNICEF distributed tetanus vaccines in the Philippines, Mexico, Nicaragua, Tanzania, India and Nigeria, the Vatican actually withdrew its annual donation to UNICEF in reproof of their practices34.Sudanese Oxford scholar Bona Malwal and The international Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) have also spoken out against UNICEF regarding Sudanese striverry. Bona Malwal believes that UNICEF is partly to blame for the keep slavery in Sudan as they failed to act appropriately35. Malwal claims UNICEF has allowed the Sudanese government to mail all denunciation at the annual United Nations Human Rights meetings and morose a blind eye to the outrageous human rights breaches that occurred in Sudan36. In failing to acknowledge the slavery problem in Sudan and instead referring to interminable abductions, Malwal holds UNICEF responsible for the hundreds of thousands of unaccounted for women and children37. Similarly, UNICEF has faced additional condemnation by the IHEU38. The IHEU have criticised UNICEF for delaying the slave rescue action to be undertaken by the Sudanese run perpetration for Eradication of Abduction of Women and Children (CEAWAC)39. CEAWACs proposed operation was fiercely supported by the majority of Sudanese slaves and their families, yet UNICEF didnt act40. UNICEFs reluctance to call the victims of slavery slaves was another point for depreciation by the IHEU41.UNICEF is a humanitarian organisation, directing its efforts in various areas to religious service combat many of the violations against children that occur across the globe. Focus areas remain in the reduction of disease and malnutrition related deaths, dealing with HIV/AIDS sufferers, preventing the exploitation of children, ensuring equal access to education and providing sufficient support in times of emergency and conflict. However, despite its humanitarian objectives and efforts, UNICEF still receives criticism for some of its decisions and shortcomings.References supranational Humanist and Ethical Union (2005) IHEU speaks at UN of plight of Sudanese slaves, open http//www.iheu.org/node/170 accessed 15 Oct 2009Mark, J. (2003) Slavery Sudanese Scholar Speaks emerge online, forthcoming http//jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11093.htm accessed 15 Oct, 2009Mosher, S. (2009) UNICEF, WHO Want Alliance with Church but prove Abortion online, unattached http//www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=33157 accessed 12 Oct 2009NGO Monitor (2003) UNICEF mount Political Activities, NGO Monitor analytic thinking online, 1(5), available http//www.ngo-monitor.org/editions/v1n05/v1n05-1.htm accessed 12 Oct 2009Tignor, L. (2005) The fairness near UNICEF online, available http//www.all.org/article.php?id=10105 accessed 12 Oct 2009UNICEF (2006) UNICEFs Role in Emergencies online, available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_33296.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Basic procreation and Gender equality UNICEF in go through online, available http//www.unicef.org/girls education/index_action.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Child Protection from Violence, using and Abuse the Big express online, available http//www.unicef.org/protection/index_bigpicture.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Children and HIV and AIDS UNICEF in Action online, available http//www.unicef.org/aids/index_42838.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Partnership for Education and Gender Equality online, available http//www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index_44865.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Who We Are online, available http//www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) unripe Child Survival and Development online, available http//www.unicef.org/childsurvival/index.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2009) Basic Education and Gender Equality online, available http//www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index.php accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2009) Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse online, available http//www.un icef.org/protection/index.html accessed 10 Oct 2009United Nations (2009) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) online, available http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ Accessed 14 Oct, 2009BibliographyBrizee, A. (2009) Memo Writing online, available http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/590/ accessed 3 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Who We Are online, available http//www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html accessed 10 Oct 2009ibidibidUNICEF (2008) Young Child Survival and Development online, available http//www.unicef.org/childsurvival/index.html accessed 10 Oct 2009ibidibidibidUNICEF (2008) Children and HIV and AIDS UNICEF in Action online, available http//www.unicef.org/aids/index_42838.html accessed 10 Oct 2009ibidibidUNICEF (2008) Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse the Big Picture online, available http//www.unicef.org/protection/index_bigpicture.html accessed 10 Oct 2009ibidUNICEF (2009) Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse online, available http//www.unicef.org/protection/index.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2009) Basic Education and Gender Equality online, available http//www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index.php accessed 10 Oct 2009United Nations (2009) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) online, available http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ accessed 14 Oct 2009UNICEF, Basic Education and Gender Equality onlineibidibidUNICEF (2008) Basic Education and Gender Equality UNICEF in Action online, available http//www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index_action.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2008) Partnership for Education and Gender Equality online, available http//www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index_44865.html accessed 10 Oct 2009UNICEF (2006) UNICEFs Role in Emergencies online, available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_33296.html accessed 10 Oct 2009ibidibidibidibidNGO Monitor. (2003) UNICEF Funding Political Activities, NGO Monitor Analysis online, 1(5), available http//www.ngo-monitor.org/editions/v1n 05/v1n05-1.htm accessed 12 Oct 2009NGO Monitor is a Jerusalem based organisation who monitor Middle Eastern NGOs with the aim of prohibiting other NGOs from promoting perceived ideologically motivated anti-Israel agendas.PYALARA is a student run Palestinian NGO.ibidibidibidTignor, L. (2005) The faithfulness About UNICEF online, available http//www.all.org/article.php?id=10105 accessed 12 Oct 2009ibidibidMosher, S. (2009) UNICEF, WHO Want Alliance with Church but Promote Abortion online, available http//www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=33157 accessed 12 Oct 2009Tignor, The Truth About UNICEF onlineMark, J. (2003), Slavery Sudanese Scholar Speaks Out online, available http//jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/11093.htm accessed 15 Oct, 2009ibidibidInternational Humanist and Ethical Union, (2005) IHEU speaks at UN of plight of Sudanese slaves, available http//www.iheu.org/node/170 accessed 15 Oct 2009ibidibidibid

Rivalry Among Firms In Global Hospitality

Rivalry Among Firms In Global HospitalityThe door guards 5 forces framework is an outside-in approach whereby the assiduity forces alter the business performance is analysed to facilitate managers in decisions to bear their re rises in achieving uttermost increaseability. The 5 forces set by Porter argon the horizontal disceptation from backings, bleak newbies and existing rivals as healthy as the vertical competition from the bargaining reason of suppliers and buyers (Porter, 1980). In this essay, the fountain would like to analyse the competitiveness of the cordial reception labor by critic anyy evaluating the strength of each force individually with relevant examples and identify the close influential force.2.1 Threat of new entrantsThreats of new entrants argon one of the mavin forces of Porters theory of five forces (Porter, 1980). Bain (1956) who initiated the study of entry barriers identified the major barriers as expectant requirements, economies of scale , point of intersection antitheticiation, government approval and absolute termss. These barriers produce constraints for new entrants to enter the persistence, creating fewer competitors thitherfore retaining the merchandise sh ars of existing firms to achieve richly profit (Botten and McManus, 1999). International hotel chain enjoy prodigious economies of scale (Salinger, 1990) as they hit huge numbers of hotel chains and blurs therefore expanding their mart function. The Hilton general brand shares the similar source of supply through their supply management trunk and guest database through their technology platform, the OnQ system across all hotel chains (Hilton Worldwide, 2012 Hilton Franchise, 2012), forcing new entrants with small scales to accept the address disadvantage which right off affects their profits and sustainability (Pearce and Robinson, 2009).Due to the analogous product and service offerings, brand realization is the best way for hotel chain s to differentiate themselves from competitors (Dub Renaghan, 2000 Makadok, 2010). International hotel chains has succeeded in creating brand awareness through rapid expansions of brands such as Hilton and pass Inn (Okumus et al., 2010) with assurance of part as well as the death penalty of different loyalty programmes, ca employ new entrants the challenge to overcome guest loyalty (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). Capital requirement of opening a new hotel is rattling exalted. It incurs tall-pitched dogged costs (Chung, 2000) for the land and the construction plus ministrationitution of the hotel. Huge amount of start-up and running cost is as well required to enter employees and roll-out marketing activities such as the discipline of the hotel brand through advertizement as well as research and development activities (Matovic, 2002). Huge budgets essential also be allocated for maintenance and upkeep of the hotel property (Hall, 1987).Besides geomorphological b arriers which are influenced by the nature of the manufacture, there are also behavioural barriers which Sigfried and Evans (1994) describe as the retaliation strategies firms implements such as patents, predatory set, and exclusivity agreements with suppliers and distributors. However, the judgement of dismissal of trade barriers by governments due to the trend of sphericisation lowers the entry barriers particularly in developing countries which do not have the resources to provide satisfactory hospitality operate and requires foreign firms to help develop the tourism field (Hitt and Hoskisson, 1999). Conversely certain government do limit entries and provide liquid ecstasy rights to the local firms.Weighing the facts in this study, barriers of entry to the hospitality perseverance is dummy up considered relatively high, especially to the luxury segment where to a greater extent investment and development of brand is required, and customers loyalty in existing luxury br ands are already high which is proved by the high outlays the consumers are willing to typify for a hotel direction. In the budget or midscale segment, new entrants could attempt equipment casualty penetration but the sustainability of the business could be unfeasible if consumers choices are qualified on the pricing only (Graf, 2011). Generally the threat of new entrant is fairly low, but could append if there is liberal trading policies and high concentration of the effort in the particular spot. But once a new entrant decides to take the high risk of entering the industry and has the ability to innovate and make differentiation in products and serve, they will precipitously pursue market share to cover the high fixed cost invested (Matovic, 2002), raising the competition level in the industry.2.2 Threat of substitutesPorter (1980) has also identified the threat of substitute in increasing intensity level of tilt. Substitutes give birth consumers more options often w ith better prices or take to be in achieving the resembling basic withdraws or wants. Substitutes are often not identified as main(a) rivals, making them difficult to be anticipated by firms (Magretta 2012). The presence of substitutes limits the profitableness of firms by placing a ceiling in prices and increase price elasticity of the hotel product (Porter, 1980). When the pricing factor is considered, threats are create when substitutes offer lower prices for the similar product, offer better quality products with a slight increase in price and when lower quality of products is provided with a large drop in prices (Lewis et al., 1989).Technological advancement supported by the high speed of internet has posed signifi endt threat to the get together and conference facility of a hotel which are the main revenue source of business hotels with the availability of teleconferencing. Many corporeal companies would consider teleconferencing to be an ideal choice as it eliminates the high cost incurred for flight tickets, living accommodations and rental of conference facilities and equipment as well as the term consuming trips (Leocha, 2009). Other latent substitutes for the business spark offler segments could be corporate guesthouses and commodious stay hotels (Regal Wing, 2011) whereas leisure travellers could opt for cheaper alternatives such as rented apartments, informal live with friends or families, RVs, camping, simple capsule hotels or make plans for overnight rides by long hour flight, train or bus. Business of airport hotels are also affected by the availability of sleeping capsules and room in airports (USA today, 2009) which removes the need of transit passengers to rent day rooms in hotels.However, threats of substitutes in upper-scale luxury hotels are relatively low be ready consumers of this segment requires for exceptional powderpuff along with exclusive service standards, amenities and recognition which typical substitutes cou ld not hear (Griffin et al., 1997). There are many substitutes in the hospitality industry except for the high end hotels. The author concludes that the overall threat of substitute is moderate as the availability of substitutes is in truth dependent on the perspective of the hotel and consumer preferences as hotel provides more comfort, convenience and security compared to the substitutes.2.3 Power of suppliersThe power of suppliers has direct impact on the advantageousness of hotels as it controls the input of the hotel which is vital for the operations of any hotel and provides flexibility to a hotel to give surplus to their customers. The hospitality industry is considered a matured industry (Martel 1974) and there are many suppliers who are readily in the market (Kim and Oh, 2004 Olsen and Roper 1998). Hotel suppliers include outsourced firms providing operational services such as accounting, maintenance, security, promotion and storage (Burt and Pinkerton, 1996) or even off -premise washables services.Real land agencies are important suppliers when hotels are planning their pipelines and there are many which are acquirable and competing for businesses from hotels as the investment is very huge. With active mergers and acquisitions in the industry, many hotel chains are actually assort with real estate companies such as Hilton Worldwide, La Quita Inn and Motel 6 being acquired by Blackstone group with active real estate businesses (Wikipedia, 2012) eliminating the need of suppliers. However, power of a particular supplier would be high if hotels are searching for unique military positions.Another main input of a hotel would be the employees. With the development of hotel schools and relevant courses, many qualified personnel are available for management trainee programmes and further contribute to the hotels. Hotels are often given confidence to the ability to reduce unemployment rate of an area, proving that the ratio of supplier to firm is high (Hassan, 2000). However hotels face the issue of shortage in manpower during meridian seasons due to the employment strategies of hotel establishments to have a core of full time employees and employ casual and part-time labour to meet fluctuation of demand (Lufferty, 1998). The nature of part-time employment results in high turnover grade and high training resources.A centralised supply management system and is often integrated across brands of major hotel chains, giving strong talks power to the hotel, making business from hotels indispensable to suppliers (Cox, 1999). With the vast out egression of the selective information technology sector, there are many property management systems without significant product differentiation for hotel chains to choose from, thus giving hotels high buying powers. Another plus point for hotel groups is the practice of vertical integrations and the opportunity of backward integration (Lafferty and van Fossen, 2001) by owning own real estat e agencies, manufacturing plants and hotel schools such as the Accor training academy. Summing up the relevant facts shows that the power of suppliers in the hospitality industry is low.2.4 Power of buyersThe hospitality industry has many buyers including corporate companies, travel agencies and individual travellers or the user itself. Price sensitivity of buyers depends on the hotel segmentation (Go and Pine, 1995). Buyers of budget hotel segments are generally more price natural than those of the luxury segment who appreciates higher quality of services rather than affordability. shift cost of buyers could be increased through loyalty programmes which provide more pass judgment and benefit to buyers as a reward of repetitive patronisation (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). incorporate and travel agent discounts are also given reduce the power of buyers to switch their suppliers (Jones et al, 2007). Buyer power has increase through distribution bring of hotels in the interne t. It gives buyers access to information and reviews of different hotels available and compare them directly (Law and Hsu, 2005).Gu and Canoon (1998) suggest that buyer power could be subject to seasonality depending on the availability of disposable income and leisure time or the geographical factors of the location such as weather, and hotels implement yield management to gain maximum profitability with considerations of these factors (Burgess and Bryant, 2001). During peak seasons when there is an undersupply of rooms and lower price elasticity, hotel products would be sold at rack rates, decreasing buyer power of price negotiating. In contrast with low season and periods of slow economy growth where hotels strive to fill up occupancy to achieve minimum profit to breakeven, buyer power will increase significantly with attractive packages of value and choice of accommodation in the available hotel chains (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). In summary, the power of buyers in is mo derate depending on different circumstances.2.5 Rivalry among firmsThe level of competition within existing firms in the hospitality industry also affects the profitability of firms (Porter, 1980). Despite the uncertainty in economy, the tourism sector is showing looker growth and remains strong across the globe. It is forecasted that at the end of stratum 2012, there would be 1 billion international tourist arrivals globally. outgrowth is shown in every region, with comparison with the previous year, Asia Pacific showed the highest growth of 8%, Africa with 7%, America with 5%, and Europe with 4%, Middle eastward only showed growth of 0.7% as the region is still recovering from the centre of the Arab Spring (UNWTO, 2012).The growth in tourism increases the demand in the lodging industry therefore encouraging international hotel chains to develop strategical planning to accommodate the tourist by the expansion of their brands in authorisation markets (Lafferty and van Fossen, 2001). Expansions can be done rapidly with the trend of enfranchisement licensing and management contracts (Chen and Dimou, 2005).The hospitality industry involves many firms including international and domestic hotel chains ranging from luxury, full service, mid-scale, boutique and budget hotels to accommodate needs of different customer segments. Main international chains found around the globe would be The Intercontinental group, Wyndham Hotel Group, Marriot International, Hilton Worldwide, Accor group, Choice hotels, Best Western, Starwood, Carlson and Global Hyatt with growing numbers of room each year. The hotel industry performance outlook of 2012 provided by tripadvisor shows that 58% of global hotels believe that their firm can gain more profitability in future. Survey done by Travelocity shows that 76% of consumer are planning to drop more on travelling and 53% of consumers are planning to travel more compared to year 2011. This implies a positive growth in the hospitali ty industry (Marketing chart, 2012).The nature of the hotel business shows the need of international expansion to meet demands with wide dispersion of geographical spectrum (Matthews, 1997) as the carrying capacity is fixed and the services provided by hotels can only meet the demand of consumer if it is present in the location. Firms such as international hotel chains operating in the aforesaid(prenominal) location have market similarities as they share the very(prenominal) sets of market (Chen, 1996). They compete for the same resources or customers and face the same constraints affected by the international environment. Location is the key determinant of ones rival as the office staff of a hotel is to satisfy the guest need to get accommodation at that specific area. The strategic decision in deciding the geographical location of a hotel is very crucial as it is the attribute of a hotel that is fixed the fixed cost incurred is very high and (Matovic, 2002). Hotel chains devel op in the same location to justify the attractiveness of the area thus minify the perceived risk of investment by managers (Markussen, 1990). Go and Pine (1995) argues that product segmentation which includes pricing and level of facilities should be considered while determining primary rivals but pricing is highly variable and the change in pricing could cause the hotel to meet new competitors and increase the number of competitors (Roginsky, 1995) therefore change the profitability dominance of the industry.Rivalry is often high with firms existing in the same strategic group. Pearce and Robinson (2009) stated that a strategic group would make up of hotels with similar competitive strategies and market positioning while Hatten and Schendel, (1977) propose that members of an industry can be classified into groups of similar strategy and structure. They have the same distribution channel, features of products and services provided, target market, and identical technology advance ment. Strategic groups can be identified by comparing the competitive characteristics of firms by using almost a hundred possible variables (Ketchen et al. 1993) such as the quality range, geographic coverage, degree of service offered and degree of vertical integration. Firms that are present in the same strategic group are identified as a close rivals, assisting managers in constructing competitive strategies and allocate resources efficiently to be ahead of rivals (Matthews, 2000). Structural similarities of firms in the same strategic group cause them to be affected in the same way by external environmental changes and competitive strategies within the group.Imitation of strategies can be good done within the same group which is supported by the institutional theory that shows the occurrence of similar competence between firms (Selznick, 1996) under the same internal and external environment causing isomorphism (Oliver, 1988). Isomorphism is the specialise when firms competing in the same population share same characteristics. The environmental forces have mimetic influences on hotels (DiMaggio Powell, 1983), where the successful chain is often imitated by the rest to reduce uncertainty the need of investment in their own market research. Obligatory action also causes imitation, March (1981) quoted that obligatory action happens when abounding firms do things in a particular fashion, it becomes the norm and from that point on, things are done that way without conscious thought. Caves and Porter (1980) suggest that the existence of strategic groups gives an advantage to members of a strategic group by creating a high entry barrier to new entrants because of the saturation of competition within.Besides the factors mentioned above, rivalry among firms are intensified due to the high exit barriers (Dess et al, 2004) associated with significant capital investment as well as the high exit cost such as the depreciation cost of fixed assets, severance cave in for employees and compensation cost for breach of contracts with suppliers and buyers. Exit barriers are especially high for large hotel chain with multiple locations, extensive interconnection with different suppliers and buyers, and large pool of employees. The high amount of sunk and exit cost pressures the exit- likely hotel to keep its market share and continue running the business along with the implementation of new strategies in hope to revive the performance of the hotel and fight down the employment of the large labour force involved.Perishable products offered by hotels create the urgency in selling the product as soon as possible to take hold of revenue, elevating the competition especially during off-peak season with oversupply of rooms (Matthews, 1997). For leisure travellers who do not travel frequently and has no brand preferences, the switching cost is very low or almost naught as they would be attracted to any hotel chain which gives more perceived value or ha s lower price without considering the brand of the hotel chain, making them a potential customer for any hotel chain (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). Hotel products have very limited potential of differentiation because the basic need of accommodation and shelter for tourist could comfortably be met and strategies of one hotel could be easily imitated by the other because of the wanting in patented knowledge and technology (Dunning McQueen, 1982). Weighing the factors and reasoning bestow to the rivalry among firms, the author suggest that this is the strongest force in Porters five forces affecting level of competition in the hospitality industry.3.1 ConclusionGiven the depth psychology in the many competitive forces found between rivals, the author suggests that the intensity of rivalry among firm is strong but not to the brutal layer yet. Although growth in mature industries such as the hospitality industry is generally slower, the emergence of complement products such as cheap flights and superfluous frequent routes has facilitated tourism growth therefore benefiting the hotel businesses (Rey et al., 2011). Development of outbound tourism in emerging BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Africa) countries and other Asia Pacific region which is expected to capture 29% of total international tourist arrival in 2030 (UNWTO, 2012) encourages the growth of hotel pipelines, giving the hotel business a very good prospect of the future. The hotel industry is also a multi-billion dollar industry with signs of rebound due to the better economy (Hotel News Now, 2012) with large hotel chains co-existing enjoying great amount of profitability especially with the increase growth in the tourism and motivation in travelling. Furthermore, although many hotel chains exist in the industry, different hotels define competitors with different criteria such as segmentation, price and proximity (Whitla et al, 2007) depending on its strategic group. word of honor count 32 89

The Concepts Of Alternative Dispute Resolution Law Essay

The Concepts Of Alternative dissension Resolution Law EssayThe coursework question is relates with the concept of Alternative scrap courage. This coursework question is also linked with family relationship among ADR, kiss of life 1998 and EU leading regarding the way out of Mediation. The comment of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry is a signifi bottom of the inningt bureau of this coursework. In my coursework I will chronologic exclusivelyy discuss the History of ADR, its relationship with Civil Procedure Rules( on that pointafter mouth-to-mouth resuscitation), Its implementation in the Courts, Judges attitude on various cuttings and its wedge on European Court of Human Rights (thereafter ECHR) peculiarly in the fine art-6. Present situation in legal area and feasible probabilities in the future.Alternative battle resolution (thereafter ADR) is a way of seek to melt obliging affray. The concept of ADR arose mainly from a negative author such(prenominal) as, dissatisfacti on with the delays, tolls and inadequacies of litigation knead. It is the service of resolving disputes in perpetrate of litigation. The most common classification is to describe ADR as a unified dispute resolution cognitive serve with third troupe intervention which does non impose a leg entirelyy binding outcome on the parties.1It is angiotensin converting enzyme kind of advanced resolution, which is confidential and without prejudice. So the materials of the affect need non commonly be disclosed to a judicatory2.The simplest runs of ADR to understand are in edgeediation and conciliation. Some important providers of ADR include arbitration within the ambit of ADR since it is an preference to litigation in the motor hotels. Others would exclude arbitration on the basis that it is a legal regale, the outcome of which is binding. Parties to a dispute have evermore been equal to(p) to refer their dispute to arbitration which is a far older and to a peachyer ext ent formal means of dispute resolution than either interintermediation or conciliation.3In the 1970s the concept of juvenile development of ADR established in the United States beca map of high bell and long delays of litigating business disputes. ADR was playing an increasingly useful part in the commercial area to dissolve slightly disadvantages of highly expensive and strict adversarial system.In late 1990s the greetly justice system in England and Wales go through a big revolution. curiously Lord Woolf creates a remarkable impact regarding the numerate of ADR in his enormous report, Access to Justice. His view implemented in a surprisingly short time by the civil effect rules 1998 and the Access to justice Act 1999. These changes introduce a new dimension in the socialisation of litigation.thither are different types of ADR used in commercial disputes such as, Arbitration, Conciliation, Mediation, Ombudsmen etc. Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation is the most famous procedure from all of them.Arbitration has the force of law and commonly an arbitrators decision called an award which can be enforced in the courts just as a appraisal of the court.4Section 1 of Arbitration Act 1996 introduced some specific rules and regulations regarding this emergence such as impartial tribunal, un-necessary delay and expenses.5Conciliation is kind of reduplicate with the concept of mediation. In that process conciliators offer in return not to try the fount only when this is rarely taken up. The process is mandatary in Switzerland.Mediation is the most famous and accepted method of ADR in England and Wales. It is quick, non-binding, without prejudice and confidential. In that process a intermediator acts as a go-between to dissolve the dispute and wants to make a firmness of purpose. The mediator mustinessinessiness be a neutral companionship. Mediation is to the highest degree much more than just assisted without prejudice negotiations bu t confidentiality and privilege are the truly cornerst hotshots of the success of mediation. Parties to mediation need to be sure that what they say in mediation and documents produced for the mediation will not become tender-heartedity noesis or become evidence in proceedings, whether litigation, arbitration or adjudication.6 at that place are varieties of modestness to choosing mediation over other ways of dispute resolution such asA less expensive path to prolong for dissolves the dispute.It offers a confidential process.It offers multiple and flexible possibilities for resolving a disputeThis process consists of a mutual endeavour.It takes place with the aid of a mediator who is a neutral third party.If we analyse the whole process of ADR then we will find that the most significant criteria of this process is the term Confidentiality. This term significantly make up the parties interest regarding the way out of ADR. Confidentiality is integral to the relationship betwee n the mediator and the parties are one of the four fundamental and oecumenic characteristics of mediation. It is the cornerstone of the relationship of trust and that must exist between the mediator and the parties. It is crucial to the voluntariness of participation of the parties and to the impartiality of the mediator. The parties must not feel that they index be disadvantaged by whatever disclosure that whitethorn be used in legal proceedings or in every other way7In the coursework Question the statement is relates with the field of study of mediation. instantly i will discuss about mediation and its relationship with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 1998, sheaths and evaluatement of the courts and the impact of EU Directive.There was no defined predominate objective for civil justice when ADR instals were devised by the commercial court judges. cardiopulmonary resuscitation pt 1 has now identified ADR as one of the courts tools of industrious case management available t o achieve that objective.8Lord Woolf provides significant impact on ADR e finically on mediation on his reforms proposal. His aim was stipulation prominent status in the courts new case management powers. Especially in , cardiac resuscitation 1.4There are some important rules coordinated in the CPR1998 regarding the military issue of Mediation or other form of dispute resolution such as, r-1.1(2), 1.3, 1.4, 3.1(2)(m), 26.4(1), 44 etcRules-1.1(2) provides that mater must be relations with justly manner if it is practicable. There are some element has to be consider in this part such as, parties must be in equal footing, saving expenses, matters must be dealings proportionately, matter must be deal with expeditiously and fairly.9Rules-1.3 provides that parties are required to help the court to further the overriding objective. It also provides general affair of the parties.10Rules-1.4 provides about courts certificate of indebtedness towards the parties where stated that court must further the overriding objective by actively managing cases which includes encouraging the parties to co-operate each other, identify the reduces in early stage, helping the parties to settle the whole or part of case.11Rules 3.1(2)(m) stated about general powers of management of the courts where court can take each step to keep and furthering the overriding objective.12Rules-26.4(1) stated that parties can request for stayed. Court can conceding their request if they think appropriate.13Rules-44 provides general rules about the be of the procedure such as be are payable by one party to another, amount of those exist, when to be paid etc. In r-44.3(2)(a)where stated that attempted party will be gradeed to pay the cost of the prospering party but court can make different order.14The significant impact of CPR 1998 regarding the matter of dispute resolution could be prepare in some cases. In the case of Dyson Field exors of Lawrence Twohey deed vs Leeds urban center Council,15Ward LJ stated that matter relates with overriding objective of the CPR and courts duty to manage cases according to rule 1.4 of CPR. He also stated court should make headway the parties. In the case of R vs Plymouth City Council16, where Lord Woolf has disposed(p) more underscore on CPR and he also suggested that mediation should get the priority over the litigation. So we can say that modern CPR rules create a significant impact on the matter of dispute resolution.Judges always give emphasize on the matter of ADR in order to save the cost and time. Courts also began to give warnings and issue advice at the conclusion of cases that parties should seriously consider ADR or run the fortune of costs penalty. Now i will discuss some relevant cases and judgement which will provide the legal approaches regarding the matter of mediationIn the case of Dyson Field vs Leeds city Council17, Lord Woolf was a member of the CA. The matter was related with mediation where Ward LJ s aid that court should encourage the parties to use ADR to dissolve their matter and it also should be sooner rather than later. There is another important case which is Cowl vs Plymouth City Council18, Lord Woolf has given(p) a lead judgement regarding commercial court ADR order. He delivered herculean comment on both parties failure to use an available ADR process and the delay and cost of violently contested of judicial review proceedings. He also stated that if the parties dont go for the mediation then it would be wastage of public money.There are case Hurst vs Leeming19, where Lightman J. Stated that alternative dispute resolution is at the heart of todays civil justice system although mediation is not in law infallible but its a significant and captivating aspect of civil justice system. There is another landmark case Dunnett vs Railtrack20, case regarding the matter of penalty impose for not taking mediation. Mrs Dennett befuddled her horse because contractors cant padlo ck the gate. She sued for compensation but lost in the county court because her lawyer wrongly framed the case. She appealed in person and she gets the liberty to appeal. Schiemann LJ suggested for mediation but the Realtrack rejected this offer despite the fact that CA offered a free mediation scheme. CA expressed regret about this. They considered whether Realtrack had made Pt 36 offers. Mrs Dennett was unsuccessful. Then Railtrack asked for their costs but CA made a separate judgement on this cost issue. CA held that Railtrack couldnt recover their cost because they had refused to participate in ADR.So judgement of Railtrack case gets lot of controversy because the party faced adverse cost consequences, flush they win the trial. Despite this case mediation is not compulsory or nor it should be because part of the mediation process is that the parties should want to come voluntarily in the process. If mediation becomes mandatory then there is a great chance to lose it signific ant aspect.In the recent case cost sanction issue raised once again in Halsey v Milton Steel v Joy (joint Appeal)21,in this case the actual fact was if whatever party ignoring to mediate the dispute which was requested by an inter-party then cost sanctions should be imposed or not. Dyson L.J held the court cannot require a party to proceed to mediation against his will as this would contravene art.6 of the European multitude on Human Rights. The court did however confirm that costs consequences could follow from un apt failures to mediate.22 tho it was not clear whether the court take this pointedness because this point was submitted in the last minute.On 21 May 2008, the Directive 2008/52/EC on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters was adopted. fine article 1 state the aim of the directing is to facilitate access to alternative dispute resolution and to promote the amicable firmness of purpose of disputes by encouraging the use of mediation and by ensur ing a equilibrize relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings.Article 3 of the EU leading provide the definition of mediation as a structured process whereby two or more parties to a dispute attempt by themselves, on a voluntary basis, to reach an agreement on the settlement on their dispute with the assistance of a mediator. Article 5 of the EU directive provide discretionary power to courts to invite the parties to use mediation to settle their dispute. Article 6 of the EU directive states that a indite mediation settlement may be declare enforceable if all the parties agree to the process. Article 7 of the EU directive provide reasonable support regarding the matter of warranting the Confidentiality of the mediation process.The Directives basically suggested the state parties to make the laws to encourage the parties to do mediation by the court, not by compulsion. The directive states, the directive applies to civil and commercial matters, and is intended to prom ote mediation, and ensure a give way relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings.23EU Parliament and council agree the Directive to encourage the use of mediation because its a quicker procedure to a civil litigation and cost effective for cross-border commercial disputes. agree to the coursework question now this essay will justify the statement which is provided by Lord Rodger of Earlsferry regarding the matter of mediation.Obliging parties to engage in some form of mediation whether as a pre-condition to going to court or as a result of compulsion by the court, seems to berather contrary to the spirit of the guarantee in Article 6 of the European pattern for the protection human Rights24In that above statement he has given more emphasize on chip in situation of mediation and its application on the Art 6 of ECHR. According to that statement present mediation procedure is rather contrary with the concept of Right to a fair trial. ECHR adopted into incline Law from 2 October 2000 as a result of the HRA 1998. Art 6 of ECHR is quite interlinking with ADR. Now the main issue is whether the present procedure of mediation is violating the Art 6 of ECHR or not.Tthe statement of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry is not quite relevant with the present situation of mediation. There are present some reason behind this. Mediation is not a mandatory procedure in our legal system but it has got a special significant aspect after the Woolf reforms 1998.Mediation agreement often specifically state that, The referral of the dispute to mediation does not affect both rights that may exist under Art 6 of ECHR. If the dispute is not colonized by the mediation, the parties rights to a fair trial remain unaffected. It is true that EU court encourages parties to settle disputes extra-judicially because it will save cost, time, delay etc. In the matter of mediation court can intervene in the process to protect the right to trial such as if there is any undue military press upon a party into a non-judicial process. In the case of Deweer v Belgium25, the matter related with the debate about whether mandating mediation is allowable or not. Deweer could avoid such proceedings by paying a friendly settlement. He chooses settlement but reserved his right to argufy the proceedings. Then he initiated a challenge regarding the matter of Art 6 of ECHR. Deweer held to have waived his right to go to court only by reason of barricade which vitiated his consent to paying the friendly settlement.26In process of mediation, no one is restrained to settle. Participation is entirely voluntary any hidden matter of the parties or procedure cant later be discussed before a trial or elsewhere because of confidentiality. No one ever enters the process on the basis that they must settle or if they dont that then cant seek remedy from public court. Mediation is not resembling the status as arbitration because it totally depends on the parties will. In McVicar vs UK27, EU c ourt has held that Art 6 is not run afould by restraint court access to vexatious litigants, bankrupts, mental patients.In CPR1998 there is lots of provision which should be represented by the parties before going to any public trial. Before proceeding parties must fulfil some pre-action protocols and coiffe direction then party must pay court fees at several stages. Parties also need to fulfil other procedural prerequisite such as allocation questionnaires, statement of case, disclosure and evidence. In R vs Lord Chancellor exparte witham28. The matter regarded intermit of Art 6 because of sezession of court fees exemption scheme for those on income support. So if anyone doesnt follow those procedures regarding CPR they will be liable and they may get punishment or imprisonment. So it seems that these CPR requirement doing unwrapes Art 6 because parties have to maintain some rules and provision against their wish and will. Now if these are not breach of Art 6 then why orderi ng of mediation would be breach of Art 6. In Golder v UK29, it was held that ADR approved in CPR Pt1, where stated a mediation is not breach of such requirements. In Deweer30case also confirmed that this dispute process is not breach of Art 6 rights.Its clear from the Halsey31case that mediation must always be voluntary under slope Law. Court or judge to order mediation would be a possible breach of Art 6(1) of European convention. If we analyse all of the cases then two significant points would be come out. They are,Forced by a judge into ADRStrongly boost towards ADRFirst approach is likely to violate Art 6, as Halsey confirms. But the second approach is not clear, is immune from challenge under the convention as jack J said summarising in Halsey, the fear of costs sanctions may be used to remove unmerited settlements32. To distinct between Voluntary and Coerced ADR in this background is hard to draw with certainty. Jack J suggested in Carleton v Strutt Parker33 A litigant who is landed with an unfavourable costs order for failing to agree to ADR goes to mediation at the courts suggestion but is afterwards stigmatised as failing to participate in good faith, could sanely claim that this outcome operate as obstruct or fetter on the right of access to the court, contrary to Art 6, and that their apparent consent to ADR was no waiver of their fundamental rights now directly enforceable in English Law under the HRA 199834.The evidence supporting the use of mandatory mediation is mixed. Central London County Court saw a enormous increase in mediations following Dunnett case, but the settlement rate also eubstance declined during that period35.If judges apply too much pressure, the overriding objectives of the CPR may not be achieved its goal to lower the settlement rates with wasted cost and time but some pressure is needed to ensure that parties should consider mediation as an option but this pressure is less needed than it once was because the legal profes sion involved in construction litigation now knows the benefits of mediation. Although many countries those have strong cognizant about human rights and constitutional rights introduce conciliation or settlement conference chaired by judges in their legal system. This can be called Courts mandate mediation. So by this process they want to put mediation within court process which would be more acceptable regarding the matter of conventional rights.In the Halsey case CA held that court cannot proceed a mediation process against the parties will which would be contrary to the Art 6 of ECHR but in the case of Shirayama Shokusan Co. Ltd v Danovo Ltd36, court issued a mediation order even though one party was unwilling. CPR r. 1.4(2)(e) emphatic to encourage the parties to use alternative dispute resolution. Sir Anthony Clarke37states that Court has the power to order autocratic mediation and he also said that Halsey decision was a obiter so there was a chance for the judges to make co mpulsory mediation order. He also suggested that courts have a jurisdiction to order mediation process under the CPR. Sir Gavin Lightman also expressed his view on behalf of the mediation process.Sir Anthony Colman38states that there is a close relationship between the court and mediation. He also states that mediation process is not mandatory. Lord Philips39states that in adversarial litigation there are lots of complications such as solicitor fees, court fees, defendant is faced with a huge bill for the claimants cost and insurance, delay and complex procedure, disproportionate cost etc. According to him ADR is quite reasonable and flexible procedure because it does not have any superfluous difficulties. He also states that court order to the parties for mediation is not infringe Art 6 of ECHR.Lord Philips, Sir Anthony Colman and Sir Gavin Lightman are the supporter of mediation process because litigation process has lots of disadvantages and mediation process has flexible, time saving, cost saving and confidential process which is reasonable for the parties as well as for the society. Although EU directives contain some provision where state that court must encourage the parties to use mediation process to settle their disputes. Some cases like Cowl, Dunnett and Halsey cases where maximum of the judges held that parties should use mediation voluntarily rather than mandatory and court always encourage the parties to take this procedure. Although in some cases there was some controversy but different judges has given their views regarding this matter and maximum of them supported the procedure of existing mediation procedure. So at last it can be said that the present procedure of mediation is not obliging the parties but encourages them to further overriding objective of the court.

To bring forward two theories

To bring introductory two theoriesMotivation essayThe purpose of this essay is to bring frontwards two theories of motivation, and locoweedvas and contrast them. In this essay, I am pass to discuss Maslows power structure of necessitate hypothesis, and Adams virtue system. A be actived workforce, is what both manager strives to grasp, and hence a study of the theories of motivation is a must. I go out be comparing and contrasting the two theories, and explaining how managers faecal matter aim them to remind their staff.Abraham H. Maslow, a behavioral scientist and chairman of the department of psychology at the Brandies University, published the hierarchy of convey surmisal in 1954. According to Maslow, a persons needfully ar the main motivator that drives a human. He categorize the need in the following five takes physiological unavoidably, safety device inevitably, brotherly needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. (Cost Engineering Vol. 47/No. 3 MARCH 2005). merchant shipdor theory is a cognitive theory of motivation developed by J. Stacey Adams, which claims that employees pull up stakes be locomoted if they accept that they argon treated more(prenominal) or little in the workplace. (Dictionary of Human Resource Management 2001) It is assorted from Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, as equity theory is a influence theory.What solitary(prenominal) deal theories fetch in common is an emphasis on the role of an individuals cognitive process in determining his or her level of motivation. (Finchman and Rhodes). This means that process theories like equity theory, take into conside balancen individual differences, and that different hatful would match to the theory differently. This is different from content theories, much(prenominal) as Maslows theory of needs, where it is assumed that all individuals would be affected standardisedly by the theories.The rudimentary premise of Maslows theory is built round a pyramid, or hierarchy, of needs. The needs at the bottom of the pyramid must be met, before the high level needs can be met. (Lewis et al., 2001). Managers can apply this theory, by identifying the level on the hierarchy that each employee is on, and understanding that raft entrusting be motivated by the factors that exist at this level. The level of needs begin with physiological, followed by security needs, companionable needs, ego needs, and finally self-actualization need. (Weinbach, 1998). legality theory takes into account the assumption that, people will look around and observe what struggle others argon putting into their work, and how are they creation refunded for it, and will then compare this dimension with their own. People can also compare this effort-reward ratio to their past experiences. The radical assumption that equity theorists make is that these social similitude processes are driven by our fundamental concern with equity or equity. (Finchman and Rhodes).Maslows hierarchy theory revolves around the five levels in the pyramid. each(prenominal) level of need has to be saveed, starting from physiological needs, in ramble to motivate an employee.The first level of needs in the hierarchy is the physiological needs. These are the basic needs of the organism such as eating, drinking, sleeping, sex, able temperature, and so on. If nonpareil of these needs is not gratifyed, this will immediately micturate the highest priority, as these are necessary for survival. All these needs perk up to be fulfilled constantly. ( Philippe J.S. De Brouwer). The wages paid should be enough to cover the monetary value of these basic necessities.The second level in the hierarchy of needs is the safety and security needs. This is the need for safety and freedom from fear. This embarrasss safe workings conditions, and trick security. (Finchman and Rhodes).The next level on the hierarchy of needs is the social needs. genial needs refer to the need for satisfactory and takeive relationships with others at work. (Finchman and Rhodes). connection and acceptance are important motivators at the social needs level. (Weinbach, 1998). As humans are social animals, given that the anterior levels of needs have been fulfilled, an employee is likely to be motivated if on that point is a friendly working environment.Ego and esteem need is the fourth level in Maslows pyramid. These needs are the desire for achievement and recognition. Being publically rewarded and given posture symbol are motivators on this level.The final level on Maslows hierarchy is self-actualization. This is the need to develop ones full potential. For Maslow, it was to become more and more of one is, to become e rattlingthing what one is capable of. He believed that what a man can be, he must be. (Maslow, 1943382). On this level, an employee will be motivated by opportunities to use their talents, be creative, and achieve their fullest potential (Weinbach, 1998). According to Maslow, although everyone had the potential to cause to this level, only very few people actually achieved it.According to the equity theory, people notice their effort-reward ratio, and compare it to other employees, or to their own previous ratio.When people believe that the inputs (this may include effort, skill etc.) to outcomes (pay, fringe benefits etc.), of others is similar to theirs, they experience equating. When people believe that the input-outcome ratio of others is more favorable, (that is underpayment) or that the ratio of others is less favorable than theirs, (this is overpayment) they experience inequality. Inequality can be very de propel for an employee, and can cause anger or guilt amongst employees. (Finchman and Rhodes)So we dig effort, reward, and ultimately directness not in absolute but in relative terms. (Adams 1965). With salaries for example, it is the perception of getting paid more, rather than the amount itself, that motivates employees, and determines their behavior. (Shaw and Gupta 2001).The inputs that people can take into account are their education levels, intelligence, skills, seniority, and the amount of effort that they have put into the work. The outcomes in work, would include pay, but could also include fringe benefits, promotion, working conditions, and status symbols such as large office. (Finchman and Rhodes). i of the biggest differences between the two theories is that temporary hookup Maslow never really tested his theory, Adams and his colleagues arrived at a conclusion after testing the equity theory. According to Finchman and Rhodes, The in operation(p) definitions of needs constructs and other variables such as prepotency were not always bring in from his writing.In contrast, Adams and his colleagues had carried out an experiment, in effectuate to find out whether equality really leads to better productivity. The result was that those who felt they were being overpaid or underpai d were less productive than the ones who perceived their ratio to be fair.Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is a content theory, and hence based on the assumption that we can attribute a similar set of needs to all individuals. However, while Maslow held the theory for legal age of the population, he did acknowledge some individual differences. For instance, a political prisoner might achieve self-actualization without achieving the earlier needs. However, Maslow felt that for the majority of the population, the hierarchy worked. On the other hand, fair play theory being a process theory does take individual difference into account. Huseman et al. suggest that there are three types of people based on personality, and they will react in different ways to the equity theory. The Benevolents are people who favor to give rather than take, and have neater tolerance towards underpayment. They are hard put by equity or overpayment. The second type of people are the equity sensitives. T hese are people who behave exactly in union with equity, and hence experience distress under conditions of inequality (underpayment or overpayment). The tertiary type of people are the Entitleds. These are people who believe their input-reward ratio should exceed that of their referents. They express distress under conditions of equality or underpayment. (Finchman and Rhodes)Hence, the Equity theory assumes that there are three different types of people, and hence they will react differently. This can also be seen as a semblance between the two theories, as both the theories account for individual differences. on that point are some other similarities as well. Good working conditions can be seen as an outcome, for the ratio. Good working conditions is also required to fulfill the second level of needs in Maslows hierarchy. Similarly, status symbols such as large offices can also be employ as outcomes to measure the ratio for Equity theory, while it will also be used to fulfill t he Ego and Esteem needs in Maslows hierarchy.Both the theories have also faced criticism. Maslows theory has been criticized because of lack of hypothesis testing to support the theory. It has also been criticized for not being very practical, and the needs not being defined operationally. This is particularly true with self-actualization. Maslows obsession with this need lead to him describing it more philosophically, and less in practical sense. Another reason for criticism is that the order of the needs may not necessarily be the same for all people. On the other hand, the charm of equity theory has been reduced by the introduction of individual differences. Also research suggests that Equity theory is for the most part effective only in the case of underpayment, and not overpayment. It is seen that the effect of overpayment lasts only for a couple of weeks before people start to rationalize their reward level. (Finchman and Rhodes)A motivated workforce is what most managers asp ire to create. They can motivate their staff in various ways, and by utilise several different theories. I am going to discuss, how managers can motivate their staff using Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Adams Equity theory.The levels of needs are the cornerstones of motivating employees.Managers must understand that employees will be motivated by unmet needs and that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator. For instance, if a social worker feels that she is well paid and secure in her pedigree position, the first two levels of needs (physiological and security) will not serve as effective motivators. The manager will need to motivate based on higher level needs, such as those at the social level (Weinbach, 1998).Hence, managers need to identify the level of needs that each employee is currently on, and fulfill each need layer by layer. Starting with the physiological needs, managers need to batten down that the wages paid are sufficient to cover the basic cos ts. Once this is done, managers should provide workers with safe working conditions and some job security. This would alleviate an employee fulfill the second level in the hierarchy. Next, the manager should castigate and encourage a friendly working environment, and encourage group working. This would help employees achieve their social needs. The manager could then give employees higher status symbols such as company cars and larger offices, and more recognition for work, by reward employees. This would fulfill the esteem needs of the employees. Lastly, managers could set challenging tasks for employees and give them more responsibilities, which truly stretch them. This would help workers reach self-actualization. This is how managers could use Maslows theory to motivate staff.Managers can also use Adams Equity theory, to motivate employees. Managers should try to ensure that all workers perceive their ratio as being fair. If they feel they are being treated and rewarded fairl y, they will be motivated. By the same token, perceptions of inequitable treatment will lead to demotivation. The theory is founded on the insight that perceptions and feelings of fairness are based on the principle of comparison. In other words, employees assess their treatment in relation to a reference group. Two kinds of comparison may be important for worker motivation. First, employees may compare their meshing with their level of effort and performance and increase their effort if they believe their rewards are excessive or reduce their effort if they regard them as niggardly. Second, employees will compare their own ratio of effort to reward with that of co-workers and act to set up or reduce effort if they believe their own treatment by management is out of line (Dictionary of Human Resource Management 2001).Managers should try and ensure that workers try to increase their efforts, and not decrease them. Managers should take great care while setting the wages, and ensure that the reward that workers are getting, is in line with the effort that they have put in. Particular care should be taken, to ensure that workers do not feel that they are being underpaid, compared to others. This could be very demotivating and could lead to serious problems. If there are any iniquity problems within the workforce, managers should try and fix them immediately, by assessing the input-reward ratio. This is how mangers could use Equity theory to motivate their staff.Both the theories of motivation are highly popular and often used by managers. While both of them are different in many ways, there are also some similarities between them, as was shown in the essay. The two theories are extremely important theories, used to motivate staff.

Speech :: essays research papers

Now that this journey is declared offici anyy everyplace I would standardized for all of you teachers to recognize all my patience, understanding, and my abilities of persuasion. For all of you who make my life miser competent and impossible, I still love ya* I would deal to kick in my abilities of skipping class to Mr. Diaz because without him, I wouldnt be where I am right know. Thank you for never nonicing* I would also like to consecrate all my sore throats to Mr. Williams because without them, I probably wouldnt be qualified to spit as many times as I did your umber mug.* I dedicate my logros to the logro club Even though I wasnt completely part of you guys, Im aware the road is non easy and you guys did push it hard.* To Anibal, I dedicate the 101 times I arrived late to school and you nicely opened me the gate every hit time.* To Carmen Alicia, I dedicate the happiness school brought to my face daily since she was evermore there giving me a smile specially in the m oments of need.* To Mrs. Faillace I would like to dedicate my acceptance to Suffolk University because if it wasnt for her support and comprehension I probably would never make it.* Mr. Gabriel, even though you constantly study to be funny but you arent, I dedicate you all my referrals to the component part you let pass if I laughed at your bad jokes.* Lalito Escolar, I lend you my never ending love and our hidden affair.* Zuly, I dedicate you all the school rules I didnt obey including in your own computers lab. (Checking e-mail)* To Mrs. Farr I dedicate my ability to sleep for 45 min. without you noticing.* To Mr. Barrios I dedicate my undreamed of ability to counterfeit passes since he never catch me one. * To All teachers, If you ceaselessly have wondered why the teacher appreciation day gave you diarrhea, is because the drink had laxatives. reference essays research papers Now that this journey is declared officially over I would like for all of you teachers to recogn ize all my patience, understanding, and my abilities of persuasion. For all of you who made my life miserable and impossible, I still love ya* I would like to dedicate my abilities of skipping class to Mr. Diaz because without him, I wouldnt be where I am right know. Thank you for never noticing* I would also like to dedicate all my sore throats to Mr. Williams because without them, I probably wouldnt be able to spit as many times as I did your coffee berry mug.* I dedicate my logros to the logro club Even though I wasnt completely part of you guys, Im aware the road is not easy and you guys did push it hard.* To Anibal, I dedicate the 101 times I arrived late to school and you nicely opened me the gate every star time.* To Carmen Alicia, I dedicate the happiness school brought to my face daily since she was constantly there giving me a smile specially in the moments of need.* To Mrs. Faillace I would like to dedicate my acceptance to Suffolk University because if it wasnt for he r support and comprehension I probably would never made it.* Mr. Gabriel, even though you always assay to be funny but you arent, I dedicate you all my referrals to the delegacy you let pass if I laughed at your bad jokes.* Lalito Escolar, I bury you my never ending love and our hidden affair.* Zuly, I dedicate you all the school rules I didnt obey including in your own computers lab. (Checking e-mail)* To Mrs. Farr I dedicate my ability to sleep for 45 min. without you noticing.* To Mr. Barrios I dedicate my undreamt ability to counterfeit passes since he never catch me one. * To All teachers, If you always have wondered why the teacher appreciation day gave you diarrhea, is because the drink had laxatives.

The Flower Problem - Original Writing :: Papers

The Flower Problem - Original Writing Carwood Creek was dormancy at his desk when in that location was a knock at his door. He woke suddenly and beckoned the person in. In came Dr. Foster, Creeks long period detective partner and other man, whom Creek had never laid eyes on. The other man was niggling and plump, he wore emerald overalls and had bags under his eyes. Creek pointed to the chair and the man sat down. This man, atomic number 1 Lipton, has a mystery story for you to solve, Foster told Creek. Creek nodded his head and asked for the man to proceed. I energise come here to ask you to solve a crime and mystery that is happening at my shop, Lipton explained, I chose you to try and solve it because I slang perceive you have a very good record at understand crimes. The story starts off like this, I work at a florist and every time I get a preservation of flowers I find the heads cut off before I reach to open the shop. After this had h appened five times I decided to have them delivered inside the shop. I couldnt believe it when I came in next solar day to find the heads cut off still and half of my batch gone. This answer is losing me customers and I am losing lots of money fast. Are there any others florists underweight by. Only one, and their business is booming due to the failure of mine. Does anyone else apart from you work in your shop. Yes, only occasionally. His name is Richard Spears and he works just Saturdays. When are the flowers delivered? On Friday and there are double orders as it is the run up to Christmas. So tell me most this other business. Who is the other owner? Do you get along well(p) with him? He is Ronald Philips. He detests me and always finds a way to humiliating me. I hate him in return. He has an assistant Andrew Christenson, who works there all the time and is like a brother to

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education I have conceit several times over what my philosophy towards teaching is, or sooner frankly, will be as I learn more some the teaching profession and eventually begin teaching on my own. period I have al admity been teaching swim lessons for the past quintette years and presently hold the position of assistant football pram at Bluefield Middle School, I tidy sum say that my hat goes take to anyone possessing the patience and expertise to stand before a classroom or gymnasium of students and have the confidence to pass their knowledge on to that aggroup of students. On the other hand, I have an equal level of churn up for those oxygen thieves that merely roll out a basketball and read the paper while the whole time claim to be teaching. These teachers, a term I use loosely, have taught nothing. They have at no point attempted to communicate with their students the importance of taking care of their bodies and education the essential m ovements that will provide them the opportunity to be active for a lifetime. With that in mind, it our responsibility as Health and Physical Educators to provide that knowledge, prang up that importance and to never allow a child to fall through with(predicate) the cracks, save rather to make a lasting impression on the lives we teach. It is my firm belief that our duties begin in the way we present ourselves. I look back at my experiences growing up and compare them to what I have learned. It amazes me that someone on the opposite end of healthy butt joint try to teach others how to be healthy. The solution lies with credibility. We mustiness evoke fitness and encourage that concept in our own lives before we should ever echo to influence the life and well-being of children who see teachers as role models. How can we expect our students to accomplish something that we are not willing to pursue? We must challenge our students everyday by setting high, but r ealistic goals for those under our instruction. Why would you give a student a starting line without defining a place to finish and get out them with a sense of accomplishment?

Knit Media :: Free Essay Writer

Knit MediaRemember the days when a some(prenominal)body would have to wait in line for two days scarce to purchase U2 tickets? Remember the days of tapes and videos? Hey, lets get with the program, its now the 21st century, the information, technology age. All whizz has to do is switch on the computer, get on-line, type in www.knitmedia.com and one has opened the doors to the recreation Company of the 21st century. In the convenience of a persons home, one is able to download music, purchase a compact disc, and up to now download a performance. Michael Dorf, founder and CEO of the Knitting Factory had this dream, and what nigh seemed impossible has fin eithery come too pass. This dream needed a group of managers to put it into action. According to Management Leading People and Organizations in the 21st Century by Gary Dessler, 21st century managing, is a way approach to the rapidly changing business world that emphasizes responsiveness and good leadership, (pp. 24-25) . The Entertainment Industry is Infamous for the dynamic nature in the way business is conducted. The way a company reacts to trends in the harmony Industry affect whether a company sinks or swims. Through expanding upon both here in the United States and abroad, Michael Dorf faces both challenges met and to be addressed. From interrogative of his management style, we can observe that this company, KnitMedia is swimming. Chapter One (pg. 30)Few industries are undergoing as much rapid change as music, entertainment, and Internet/new media-industries that KnitMedia is in. draw up a list of the trends (such as consolidation of the music companies) taking frame today for which Michael and his colleagues will have to plan.Using WEB resources, make a list of the competitor in refreshed York City for the Knitting Factory.Examples of some of these trends include the use of the Internet, the packaging of music, and clubs, which allow a person to buzz off the music in person.Accordi ng to an article on the KnitMedia website, Dave Brenner, Vice President, New Media oversees the development and implementation of all Knit media online properties and is involved in all levels of technology including network infrastructure, e-commerce, application development and interface design. Thanks to Brenner one can easily access the knit media website and download music. In the past tense when a person hears a tune on the radio, he or she must hop into their car and drive to a music store.

Point of view Tell-Tale Heart Essay -- essays research papers

try on 1 Tell Tale softheartedness.Poe writes The Tell Tale Heart from the aspect of the murderer of the old man. When an precedent creates a situation where the central fount tells his own account, the overall strike of the story is heightened. The narrator, in this story, adds to the overall frame of horror by continually stressing to the reader that he or she is non sore, and tries to convince us of that incident by how c atomic number 18fully this brutal crime was planned and executed. The point of gather in helps communicate that the theme is madness to the hearing because from the beginning the narrator uses repetition, onomatopoeias, similes, hyperboles, metaphors and irony." true(a)--nervous--very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am but wherefore will you say that I am mad? The disease had alter my instincts--not destroyed--not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I hear all things in the heavens and in the earth. I heard many a (prenominal) things in hell. How, then, am I mad?" "...Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen realize nothing. plainly you should have gain vigorn me. As you can see this man is clearly mad, because this story is told in the first person it helps you find out the character even better, because we are seeing what exactly is happening to him flake by moment. It helps us actualise what is going on in his direct because we are getting to know him through out the story.The repetition in this story is phenomenal. He uses is unceasingly adding to the... Point of view Tell-Tale Heart Essay -- essays research papers Essay 1 Tell Tale Heart.Poe writes The Tell Tale Heart from the perspective of the murderer of the old man. When an author creates a situation where the central character tells his own account, the overall impact of the story is heightened. The narrator, in this story, adds to the overall effect of horror by continually stressing to the re ader that he or she is not mad, and tries to convince us of that fact by how carefully this brutal crime was planned and executed. The point of view helps communicate that the theme is madness to the audience because from the beginning the narrator uses repetition, onomatopoeias, similes, hyperboles, metaphors and irony."True--nervous--very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses--not destroyed--not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heavens and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad?" "...Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. As you can see this man is clearly mad, because this story is told in the first person it helps you understand the character even better, because we are seeing what exactly is happening to him moment by moment. It helps us understand what is going on in his head because we are getting to know him through out the story.The repetition in this story is phenomenal. He uses is constantly adding to the...

Essay --

In 1916, Susan Glaspell wrote Trifles, when the egotistical male-dominated complaisant order was ruthlessly manipulating wo manpowers right to vote and cruelly constraining their functions in social, business, and govern ment lines. In the home, the husband was dictator and the wife barely a domestic servant. The domestic sphere of women is minimized to the activities of the farmhouse which are considered trifles or insignificant in the world of men. Trifles explores the material bodyical male stereotype of women during this close by expressing that women habitually worry about matters of little, or unimportance. This label creates the experience males are the only people concerned with essential issues, issues that a womanish would never discuss or confront during this era. Trifles is based on an unquestionable murder case Susan Glaspell wrote about as a reporter for a newspaper in Iowa at the turn of the century. To completely comprehend and instal an accurate analysis of Trifles, it is critical to acknowledge the condition of the womens park counsel at the time the assemble was written and first produced. The significance of the position of women in this early 20th century community and the title of the cinch Trifles, is condescending. Susan Glaspell manipulatively uses her extensive knowledge about the murder case, to expose and express the way women in reality felt during this period. As a reporter she was controlled and restricted to what she could actually publish. She constantly uses subtle but deep ways to associate the play to hash treatment of women and the way they are viewed by males in society. Lewis gouge casually states that women are used to worrying over trifles(Glaspell 663). He is enforcing how the men actually perceive the women in society ... ...ce to society and viewed as a servant to their husband and family. The female was looked down upon and was considered a second class citizen compared to their male counterpart. The significance of the female contribution to society was evolving and was a frightful transition women had to endure so women can have what they have today. Women endured mental, emotional, physical, and political abuse that was comparable to that of slaves. The suffering women endured paved the way for future generations of females to be looked at as equals non peasants compared to men. The women decided not to tell the men about the things they found, which undoubtedly stressed the women enduring Minnies pain together for the greater good of women. If they had exposed the trifles that they had uncovered, the women would have presented the motive that the men could not find to convict her.

Vascular Epiphytes of Far North Queensland :: Botany Plants Nature Essays

Vascular Epiphytes of utmost North Queensland There are several definitions of epiphytic places, each with a subtle difference. Heywood (1993) states that an aerophyte is, A plant that grows on the surface of a nonher, without etymologizing food from its host. Raven (1992) states that an epiphyte is, a plant that grows on another plant, but is not parasitic on it. Basically, a plant that derives its physical support from another plant (host = phorophyte (Luttge 1989)) is an epiphyte. Epiphytes fill important bionomic niches in descriptor of habitats. Epiphytic species can exist as 50% of the tree leaf mass and make up 30% to 50% of vascular plant potpourri in tropical forests (Benzing 1990). It is theme that the epiphytic diversity in tropical forests allows an increased fauna diversity. Epiphytic species, firearm not agronomically important, play intricate roles in ecology.HISTORY Columbus wrote the scratch line known documentation of an epiphytic species. Martinus de la Cr uz, an Aztec Indian physician, illustrated the first epiphyte (an orchid) in the Badianus Manuscript in 1552. Trade around the world by the 1770s included many exotic and tropical plants with epiphytic species among them. Orchids, ferns and others were valued by decorators and collectors (Benzing 1990). Scientific interest did not keep pace with trade interest. The scientific study of epiphytes has not been extensive when compared to the study of plants with other specializations, ie. carnivory. Within new-fangled years, due to increased interest in rainforest preservation, an increase in epiphytic study and resulting literature has occurred. EVOLUTION Epiphytes have evolved to take usefulness of resources not widely available to other plants. Epiphytes have evolved a variety of morphological and physiological differences to deal with difficulty in mineral absorption, photosynthesis, propagation, pissing acquisition and water retention. There are two basic theories on the evoluti on of epiphytes. The first theory indicates that epiphytes may have been shade vary plants, struggling for light that moved into the canopy. The second theory suggests that plants preadapted to high cheerfulness exposure moved from dry savannahs and steppes into the canopy (Luttge 1989). The fossil record does not provide any support for either theory mentioned above. Plant and pollen fossils thought to belong to current day plant families containing epiphytes, cant be labeled epiphytic because the ancient habitats of the plants cant be readily observed. Other research has proposed that epiphytic diversity arose from the Pleistocene / Pliocene ages (roughly 1.

Characterization in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Tennessee Williams

Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie makes use of the showcases to not only show a story but to also tell a story. Characterization is how guinea pigs argon re kick ined and the ways in which this is accomplished, such as, how an author limits unmatchables responses, questions or observations, for instance. An author may also natureize a character through his or her gestures or speeches. The idea of characterization and how one characters actions may enlighten audiences to issues surrounding another character is brilliantly illustrated by Williams in his The Glass Menagerie.On the surface of the play the issues present seem to be rooted in the fact that Laura is crippled and unwed, however, upon throw out examination it is seen that there are other deeper issues. Williams writes in his production notes that this is a keeping play (1041). What is interesting about The Glass Menagerie is the fountainhead of whose memory the audience is exposed to. Tom acts as the protagonist because it is his memory that audiences must trust, as the narrator in addition to being the composition of the house in the absence of his father.As the play progresses we see the family relationship and conversations surrounded by Tom and his mother Amanda. In this we see Amandas character (not the actor) as overbearing, fantastical and controlling. Upon further assessment of Amandas character audiences may concede to the fact that she is these things while acknowledging a more admirable facet to her character. As pointed out in a lecture by Dr. off-white McHaney there are lines in the play in which it is evident that Amanda is try to love her children. For example, in Scene four during a conversation between Amanda and Tom, Amanda confides, Ive never told yo... ...point in that the style of the play is The Glass Menagerie. This title does present different ideas and themes such as, the idea of the family being so fragile. The zoological garden is bea utiful on the outside but easily broken a lot like the family. They have hidden secrets and fears. However, when one examines the story through a lens focused on characterization and how each character is portrayed a conclusion may be drawn that the title serves as a hint for audiences to pay closer attention to Laura as she is the one most closely connected to the menagerie.Works CitedMcHaney, Pearl A. Lecture on The Glass Menagerie. Engl 3860-American Drama. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. 20 June 2006.Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 1945. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. fifth ed. Lee A. Jacobus, ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. 1041-1069.