Technology and Ethics

While t present is a robust argu custodyt in Ameri rotter companionship over the analogy between skilful schoolnology and much(prenominal) ethical issues as res publica, topical anestheticism and the environment, the gateway of technologies admits of no debate. Jerry Mander writes, It is a melancholy fact that in our partnership the freshman rolls of descriptions intimately youthful technologies invariably come from the corporations and scientists who invent and market these technologies and who pay back much to gain by our accepting a positive opine (Mander, 1996, 345). This is a of import point the introductory issue is that the introduction of new technologies is far removed from each real democratic banter. much(prenominal)(prenominal) discussion always occurs in a sterile environment, always after the fact.For example, the training and mass production of the automobile was hai conduct almost univers entirelyy as a alterationary development. It was supposed to provide freedom of feat and make our dry land atrophieder. Such slogans to a fault met the development of air travel, television and the internet. Such things were sure in society almost without discussion, save for a few marginalized conventionalists and agrarians who were speechmaking into the wander. N eertheless(prenominal), the automobile has recreated the Ameri freighter landscape, demanded thousands of miles of paved roads, brought civilization to small t professs whether they wanted it or non, killed m all millions in traffic accidents adult malewide, massively increased the dependency on oil and created a massive oligarchy of unified capital who benefits from all this.It industrialism to a fault led, and leads. . . to social and political consequences the squeezing of farm populations and the uncontrollable growth of cities, the disembowelment of self-reliant communities, the enlargement of central governments, the enthr acement of science as thought ideolo gy, a wide and increasing gap between rich and poor, and impression values of pelf, growth, property, and consumption. (Sale, 1996)Now, the general point is had all of this been kn generate (or theorized) in 1920, and a national discussion had taken place, would we have the mass production of automobiles?Has it, ultimately, been a nice thing? Often, the common response is that you cant point bring forward. Such a slogan is saturated with cynicism and a cleanity, as if technologies were some(prenominal) unstable phenomenon as natural as photosynthesis. Progress is something that is, as Mander says, dictated by a handful of major corporate and government agencies who decide what modulate progress exit take.In addition, Mander also holds that technologies, such as thermonuclear military force and air travel, be inherently slanting politically. He writes, To build and verify nuclear post plants requires a large, mettlesomely technical and very well-financed infrastru cture. . . It can l unitysome(prenominal) be done by huge, centralized institutions. Without such institutions, nuclear power could not exist (Mander, 2006, 347). Mander sees the same problems in the development of the internet.Such hasten in communications and access to information does lowly but pay heed the continued centralisation of political and stinting power. In fact, it is my opinion that computing machine engineer may be the single most grievous cats-paw ever invented for the acceleration of centralized power. While we sit at our PCs. . . .transnational corporations argon using their planetary net belongs, fed by far groovyer resources. . . .they lam on a outperform and at a speed that makes our own level of cyber-empowerment seem pathetic by comparison (Mander, 2006, 355).Even more, such global interconnectedness, long lauded as a path to freedom and unity, brings instead, cultural take and a destruction of diversity. The computer novelty is a revolution tha t permits a handful of major cultural centers such as Hollywood to enforce their watch over of the institution into every corner of the world, and the results of this be just starting time to be seen. The issue of Hollywood and New York imposing its view of the world to the plant is a given the facts speak for themselves. scarce one and thence(prenominal) must grapple with the issue of whether or not this is a good thing? What gives Hollywood the right?The general point is that the mega-technologies have brought the world closer together and sped up the speed at which we receive information. except what be the concrete results? Could any of these results have been foreseen in the late mid-seventies when this technology was being certain? And if not, what does this say about democratic governance? After all, computers and automobiles have revolutionized our society with far more direct results than who gets pick out president. But again, there is no democratic contro l over these suggest invasions of our lives and the technologies themselves not only assume centralized control, but provide the agencies of centralization with greater and greater resources.Manders thesis is that technology is already biased in monetary value of centralization and statism. In other words, the proficient revolution, which turn itself in the mantle of freedom and progress, in fact needs a huge centralized implement of physical, technical, educational, political and economic forms. The technologies that have revolutionized our society have both created and in fact, assumed the public of a radically altered landscape that touches every element of human life.The technical apparatus that must be in place to electrify an perfect genuine must be huge, not to mention the standing armies that must be in place to defend the corridors of energy transmission such as oil pipelines. engineering is political, and most certainly, is not isolated from the re chief(prenominal )der of life. Technology has, in the20th century second industrial revolution, touched every position of human life without a vote taken.All technologies have consequences, inevitable and built in, and imperatives, just as inevitable, essentially separate from human dictates and desires. Norbert Wiener, the mathematician who was the fo under of red-brick cybernetics, has written about technical determinants dictated by the very disposition of machines, and of the steam engine he noted that it automatically leads to large and ever larger scales because it can power so many separate machines at once, to ever increasing production because it must pay back its high investment and operating costs, and to centralization and specialization because factors of efficiency and economy overturn those of, say, craftsmanship or esthetic expression. (Sale, 1996).Nevertheless, there can be no discussion of these topics without that of ideology. Technology does have its own ideology, and it ne eds to be unpacked. oneness might summarize this point of view this way First, that technology has its own trajectory that is independent of the will of mankind. This can be challenged by the dim-witted fact that all technological innovations of recent memory have been veritable in a corporate setting under corporate rules for profit. men have financed and created these things. But they have not financed or created these things blindly, as wear of some natural and inevitable process. They have been created according to a organisation of thought.Second, this scheme of thought is that happiness is a matter of technological progress and the accumulation of capital. In other words, the person that has the better car, high tech stereos and I-Pods, must, in general, be happier than one that does not, or has older, outdated equipment. Yet, there is no evidence for this, one would have a tough time pointing to look for that says state ar happier or less stress now than they were 1,000 old age ago.Third, the market is in control over whether or not technology is accepted and hence, democratically justifiable is often heard. In other words, the nation problem is solved by the market itself. If new technologies are invented and marketed, people can choose to buy or not to buy. But is it that undecomposable? One who buys the latest inventions is progressive, while the other is regressive. To have an 8-track player in ones car is an occasion for mockery, regardless of the satisfaction one gets from having such vintage equipment. Advertising and marketing campaigns are not intercommunicate to ones reason, but to ones base passions, to be considered acceptable, lovable and intelligent, kind of than boorish and ignorant. The acceptance or rejection of technology also partakes of these components as well.I think that in general, these arguments are universally seen as undergirding and justifying the bulky power of technology in modern societies, and in fact, e ven specify what modern actually is. While technology is taken for granted, the beginnings of a honorable discussion can only begin when the basic assumptions of a technological life are unpacked. What are the assumptions and promises, and to what extent has the high-tech society succeeded in meeting these expectations? It might be unreflectively held that people who lived 1,000 years ago were uniformly miserable and ignorant, yet serious research into that field has succeeded in shattering that silly myth, but it still remains the domain of eccentric specialists.Yet such a view undergirds much discussion on the head teacher of technology and its role in society. Technology and its thought-apparatus have succeeded even in write history to suit itself people were miserable and ignorant up until the nineteenth century. It is difficult to see how the high-tech society can justify itself in any other way. But the nature of any discussion must have teeth. In other words, it must be a ttached to the ability of communities and families to break away from the grid and being living different, solidsome lives. sterilised academic discussions do nothing but justify faculty salaries. Such talk must have a revolutionary purpose, to shift the relocation of progress as Bookchin sees it from technological gigantism to miniaturism, starting with the means by which the machines are powered.Given the above arguments, Kirkpatrick Sale has written substantially on the rebellion, both historical and modern, of the land versus the machine, the ultimate bi-modality in this discussion. His argument nicely dovetails with Mander in many respects. The first question is the difference between technology and a ashes of production. Mander holds that there is no difference, that machinery depends on a huge, centralized governance of life and thought, the bureaucratic man. On the other hand, Sale holds that the real revolution was in the development of the steam engine.For him, this was the first time that an invention came into existence completely independent of nature, rather than actually using it. Just as importantly, this invention also made the quantum jump from the world of local machines to an consummate system of production and life. Steam created the modern factory and its discipline that elicit from it (Sale, 1996). In other words, the development of steam took the organic confederation and out of use(p) it into a world of production dominated by a handful of elites. But this should be noted that it has been the issue of how machines are powered that led to the creation of the first grid.Again, the issue comes back to that of energy. With this, the more optimistic view of Bookchin makes more sense, since it is really not machinery per se, but the means by which they are powered that is non-liberatory in its tendency. Bookchin seems to say that the reduction of power to solar and wind sources (among other natural sources) is both inevitable (as o il runs out and blacken is too dirty) and morally demanded if decentralization and true local democracy are to become a reality.In his fiver Facets of a Myth Sale asks the unsophisticated question has the 400 years since the Industrial revolution produces more or less happiness for humanity (as a whole)? Has it produced more equality, more justice, less work, less stress, more amiable stability, for humanity as a whole? What were the promises of the technological revolution? These arguments, from Bacon to Compte have been nothing less than plenty, peace, less work and stress, a veritable utopia of production where drudgery would disappear. Diseases would be cured, wars ended and mental illness a thing of the past. But has industrialism and technology carried through on these promises? And what has been the cost of the convenience that industry has created?It seems that Mander, Bookchin and Sale would all agree that the promises of industrialism and the technological revolution have not been fulfilled. As one sort of association is brought forward, some others are left behind. All that does not conform to the side model of industrialization (or industrialization in general), is dismissively called backward and primitive, as terms of abuse.II. Society, Churches and the Technological RevolutionAs a matter of course, society seems to be a passive victim of the propaganda of the industrialists. Technology has invaded every corner of human life, fix landscapes of entire continents. All of this has been done long before any kind of debate has been engaged. This is the central problem. On the whole, churches have accepted the technological revolution with little protest. There are small exceptions the Russian Old Believers, the Amish, some traditional Roman Catholic and Orthodox writers have detailed the problems, both moral and social, of technology and its dominance over life.One promising area of research has been developed by the green anarchists, who have taken at least(prenominal) some of their material from the erstwhile Murray Bookchin, who advocated a humanized technology detached from centralized structures. solar power is the perennial example, since it is relatively easy to install and is off a grid, in other words, it need not be connected into any larger structures of power. Bookchin, in his 1970 office staff Scarcity Anarchism, contains a powerful search called Toward a Liberatory Technology.The early date of this publication makes it of great interest in modern writings against the technological revolution. Bookchin is far more optimistic than Mander, and holds that the drive in this revolution is toward the small scale computers and machinery in general are getting physically smaller and using less and less energy. This movement is a good thing and can assist in the mental synthesis of a new, decentralized society (Bookchin, 1970, 59).A liberated society, I believe, will not want to negate technology precisely becau se it has liberated and can rap music a balance. It may well want to assimilate the machine to artistic craftsmanship. By this I mean that the machine will remove the travail from the productive process, leaving its artistic completion to man. The machine, in effect, will act in human creativity. . . In a liberated community the combination of industrial machines and craftsmans tools could reach a degree of sophistication and of creative interdependency unparalleled in any period of human history (Bookchin, 1970, 80).The singularity between Mander and Bookchin in clear For the former, technology is inherently biased, at least in its present manifestation. Mander, like Bookchin, holds that solar and wind power is the wave of the future, and, in general, can mean that life off the grid is kinda possible, enhancing independence and local control over events. The central issue here is democracy and local control off-grid means local control, and cultural and economic lives are n ot necessarily dictated by distant banks, the national Reserve or the global economy, none of which the average community has any control over. But in Bookchins case, the industrial revolution already contains the seeds of its decentralization and hence, sees in the industrial revolution seeds of a new, liberated society. In general, by the term liberated Bookchin means independent of centralized sources of control.One arouse source of Christian radicalism has been the monastery. Here, especially in its Orthodox foundations, the technological revolution has been held at bay. For example, the Platina, California monastery of St. Herman is completely off grid. They have no hurry water or electricity, and grow most of their own victuals (Damascene, 2002). Their evidence are beautiful and spacious, and since they are vegetarians, hunting is prohibited (as is the case for all Orthodox monasteries). Their diet is very simple yet extremely wellnessy, and the community is growing. They run a major publishing house on generator power run by solar panels. The Platina experience has become central for giving an example of how to live a happy, healthy life without dependence on the system of interlocking systems of control which is meant by the term grid. some other example might be the St. Marys community in St. Marys Kansas. This is a Roman Catholic community that only partially controls the small town of St. Marys. They seek to live their lives manifestly and peace fully in prayer and honest labor. It is not a monastery and families thunder there, but they have already received several visits from the FBI, paranoid that a cult was at work there. If anything, such communities have an uphill go up from the state as well as the media, whose coverage of the community has been uniformly hostile and uncomprehending. (cf. http//www.smac.edu, St. Marys Academy page, with some information on the community as a whole).One can surmise with a great deal of justification t hat the average American family has embraced technology as inevitable, without fully understanding the complex consequences of such technologies. Slowly but surely however, the rather marginalized monastics, anarchists and greens have made somewhat of an impact. But if Bookchin is correct, the smaller scale of newer technologies will make a freer life possible with rather small changes in social consciousness. What seems to be at the center is the nature of power. If power can be locally created through bio-mass or solar energy, then technology can become liberatory. The grid seems to be based on power, i.e. energy, more than anything else though it cannot be limited to that.Every community would approximate local or regional autarky. It would seek to achieve wholeness, because wholeness produces complete, rounded men who live in a symbiotic human relationship with their environment. Even if a substantial portion of the economy fell within the sphere of a national division of labor , the overall economic weight of a society would still rest with the community (Bookchin, 1970, 83).The central good here is independence. But it is difficult to square the American interest in environmental politics with anything other than a fashionable political cause. It is hard to see how such a superficial commitment can be brought to accommodate on the rather humane anarchism and communitarianism of Bookchin. It seems that for the moment, the experiments such as Platina will remain marginalized and unkindly to the masses. The debate might continue, but, for better or worse, that does not stop the inevitable wheel of progress from spinning.A recent study from Cornell University suggests that most of Americans are powerfully beginning to question the issue of genetically engineered nourishments. This technology was gradually introduced into food production largely unbeknownst to the American public. Hence, since about two-thirds of American food is so processed, the debate i s largely a moot one. Nevertheless, Cornell claims that there has been a slight but significant shift over time towards a little less support for genetically engineered foods and more risk cognition (Bio-Medicine, 2005).What are the conclusions we can reach here? The first might be that the more practical questions of the ethic of technology must be brought under a more general heading this heading has been dealt with above and is the relationship of technology to liberty and democracy. All other goods flow from this. If one can show that technology has led to a stressed, mentally unbalanced and motorise society, then one must be able to reform the system and bring to bear new insights. If machinery is harmful to democracy and local control, then it needs to be eliminated, or at least, highly modified in the way that Bookchin proposes. Hiding behind arguments about the inevitable nature of technical progress will not do, but these only beg the question.Second, the question of tech nology and ethics is central to modern societies, and needs to be taken out of the classroom and into the Congress and the public square. These issues are not about the environment per se, but the environment is just an appendage of the more important questions concerning the nature of centralized economic control (whether from the state or corporate America, or an alliance of both) and its intimate relation to the history of technological progress. This is the basic principle issue of technology and its relation to ethics, that is, to freedom and autonomy. Freedom and autonomy, therefore, must also be the bedrock of a democratic order.A Model Syllabus A Brief IntroductionThis seminar is entitled Technology and Democracy, and will meet five times. It will incorporate film, written work and discussion. All points of view are satisfying and encouraged. Nevertheless, it should be made clear that the basic issues are defined as the relationship of technology and the sources of its cre ation and marketing with democracy, equality and safety. The issues below are meant to illustrate these basic themes from varying fields of study. This syllabus is meant to take the basic insights above, that is, the relationship of democracy to technology (as the center of technological ethics) and bring it to bear on more practical pursuits such as medicate or computer science.Day IThe question of technology and childrenReadings to have prepared beforehandParens, Eric (2006) surgically Shaping Children Technology, moral philosophy and the Pursuit of Noramality. Johns Hopkins University PressThis work will be the main topic of the first meeting. Discussion and workshops will follow concerning the impact of technology on raising children. Topics will include, sex selection and abortion, genetic engineering and, importantly, the medicating of children, especially boys. Basic issues of sexism (especially anti-male bias) will be discussedDay IIEthics and Health complaint TechnologyR eadings to have prepared beforehandAnderson, James (2002) Ethics and Information Technology A Care Based Approach to a Health Care System in Transition. Springer Books.The discussion will center upon the nature of genetic engineering in the realm of medicine and ethics. But what needs to be stressed is the connection between the corporate or state control of medicine and the nature of ethics and centralized power.A video will also be shownSulmasy, Daniel (2004) Dignity, Vulnerability and Care of the Patient. St. Vincents Medical Center. 55 min (available at http//www.providence.org/oregon/programs_and_services/ethics/e15clips.htm)Day IIIReadings to have prepared beforehandEthics and Weapons TechnologyBrigetedy, Ruben (2007) Ethics, Technology and the American mood of War. Routledge.This component will concern technology and the development of weapons. There is no separate between the industrial revolution and the development of mass war and extremely high-casualty wars. Technology must face this element of itself, its promises to bring humanity peace and plenty are belied by the fact that technology has all of the most deadly weapons known to man. Science, in other words, is not intrinsically liberating, it can also enslave.Day IVEthics and Information TechnologyReadings to have prepared beforehandStamatellos, Giannis (2007) Computer Ethics A Global Perspective. Jones and BartlettThis part of the seminar will deal with the issues involved in computer technology and privacy. This is a central issue in at presents economy and must be dealt with. Issues such as Pay-Pal and Ebay will be discussed, as well as the potential for fraud and abuse.Day VEthics and mental HealthReadings to have prepared beforehandDyer, Allen (1988) Ethics and Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association PublicationsMental health and pharmaceuticals are important areas of ethics today. Tens of millions throughout the world are before long on legal, pharmaceuticals for mental illness. Hence, the issue goes right to the heart of this course the association of technology to the average person. In this case, the technology goes straight to the brain and manipulates the chemistry, altering the personality for better or worse. But at the same time, these medications are marketed for profit, hence creating a moral quandary is the prescription of these medications medically indispensable or even proper? Is the profit motive center confront here, or the science of medicine, and even more, to what extent has this science been controlled by the profit motive itself?Students will end the seminar with a brief presentation concerning one of the these five topics relative to the main topic the relation of technology to democracy and liberty.BibliographyAmerican Opinions are Split on Genetically Engineered Food. Bio Medicine News. 2005. (Bio-medicine.org)Bookchin, Murray (1970) Post Scarcity Anarchism. AK Press.Damascene, Fr. (2003). Fr. Seraphim Rose His Life and Works. St. Hermans Press (Fr. Seraphim founded the settlement at Platina, CA)Mander, Jerry (2006). Technologies of Globalization. in Mander, ed. The Case Against the Global Economy. Sierra Club Books. 344-359Sale, Kirkpatrick (1996) Rebels Against the Future. Basic Books(nd) Five Facets of a Myth. Primitivism Online Journal. (Primitivism.org)