A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Example for Free

A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar EssayRaimondo Panikkar is a Roman Catholic Priest who specializes in the study of comparative philosophy of religion. He was born in Barcelona Spain on November 03, 1918. Perhaps, the mixed inter faith marriage of his mother, who was a Catholic from Catalonia Spain, and his father who was a Hindu from a extremely situated caste Nair from South India, accounts most for his interest in comparative spectral philosophy. His education also contri besidesed much in this.He was educated in a Jesuit school and he took up chemistry and philosophy at universities in Madrid, Barcelona and Bonn. After being ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest in 1946, and holding doctorates in Philosophy and Science (Complutense University, Madrid 1945 and 1958) and theology (Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, 1961), he left for India in 1953 to undertake studies in Indian philosophy and religion at the University of Mysore and at the Banaras Hindu University.He a uthored 40 books and almost a thousand articles dealing with comparative philosophy and religion and has deliberated on principles and practices of multi-faith, which includes among others, dialogues between Christian-Hindu, Christian-Buddhist and Christian-Secularist. In the book Intr beligious Dialouges, Panikkar said I left as a Christian found myself a Hindu and I return as a Buddhist, without having ceased to be a Christian. (Panikkar, Paulist Press revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Panikkars contributions are widely quoted and heavily used to support the theory of(your family name 2) apparitional pluralism, religious and multi-faith studies as well as religious comparative philosophy. THE WEBSITE HTTP//WWW. RELIGIOUSTOLERANCE. ORG No matter how you describe yourself, you should find your beliefs and practices accurately represented in this website. (ReligiousTolerance. org) This site is a copyright side by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. In their St atement of belief the web masters said that they are a multi-faith group. As of 2008-FEB, we consist of one Atheist, Agnostic, Christian, Wiccan and Zen Buddhist.Thus, the OCRT staff lack agreement on almost all theological matters, such as belief in a supreme being, the temper of God, interpretation of the Bible and other holy texts, whether life after death exists, what form the afterlife may take, etc. (ReligiousTolerance. org) They proceed to enumerate key points in their belief system in a bullet style, and among others, said that they In working towards a culture that is relatively free of discrimination on the ground of gender, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, physical disability, age, etc. (ReligiousTolerance.org). On the left hand side of the website there are clickable links of articles and essays that list among others, the major religions of the world, Non-theistic articles such as Agnosticism and Humanism. There are also articles on Spiritual Ethics, Peace and Conflict, Hot Topics as well as Laws and News. Over-all the website is plain and straightforward. The interface is in truth easy to (your family name 3) use and very user friendly. The website has sponsors ads, but none of the usual annoying pop-ups, and/or annoying background music and other widgets that are found in otherwebsites. The articles in the website presented in a logic way, are easy to use and topics are indexed clearly for easy referencing and retrieval. It is also peppered with nuggets and quotes from religious leaders and other notable personas. One such example is on the bottom part of the web page, from Mahatma Gandhi The need of the moment is not one religion, but mutual respect and tolerance of the devotees of the different religions. (Ghandi). The website is a valuable resource for information in the major religions of the world.It is an excellent source of in depth religious comparative articles as well as current issues affecting faith and practice. WORKS CITED Pannikar, Raimondo. Intrareligious Dialouges Paulist Press revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Raimon-Panikkar. org Fundacion Vivarium Raimon Panikkar Tavertet (Catalunya) Retrieved February 25, 2009. http//www. raimon-panikkar. org/index. html ReligiousTolerance. Org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved February 25, 2009. http//www. religioustolerance. org/

Goldenstate Manufacturers Pvt Ltd Business Essay

Goldenstate Manufacturers Pvt Ltd Business EssayGoldenstate Manufacturers has a purpose that is too advance in textiles operating and basic every last(predicate)y to make Profit in operation with textile garments. They ar also in top five business and they whitewash want to be in market for Competition and maintain there Image, reputation and status within the Garment processing industry.Main focus for Goldenstate is to enkindle the productivity level with high quality output. As seen in the case-study, they were in top five company but they gone down due to customer complain due to poor finished full(a) quality that when the coating was put on to strive for it. Optimize the production and improve the quality of the finished garment.It differs from a Non Profitable Organisation because Goldenstate operates for profit, Brand Name, Image and reputation.Non Profit Organization operates for social service such as Red Cross, Welfare Services, Church, and Mosque. These companies o perate to arrange the community, provide service to the people, they at times use volunteers to work for them, and normally operate through Aids from bigger organic laws or goernment organisations but Goldenstate has a structure, a management and guide lines for their employees who do paid jobs. (Notes from Lecturer)Answer 1.2 Organisation ChartGoldenstate Manufacturers ( Pvt) Ltd.Board of DirectorsCEO scraping FraserHR andRD DepartAccountingfinanceOperationManagerCarl1500 + catersKnittingDeptManagerAdamSalesMarketing colourDeptManager packFinishngDeptManagerRonCuttingDeptStitchingDeptPurchaseDeptSupervisorsSupervisorsSupervisorsSupervisorsSupervisorsSupervisorsQualityControlQCStaffs hundred+StaffsStaffsStaffsTeam LeadersStaffsTeam LeadersStaffsTeam LeadersStaffsTeam LeadersStaffsTeam LeadersStaffsStaffsAnswer 1.3Explain how effective you tactile property the organization is and list the main skills and competencies needed for it to be competitive?Goldenstate is not an effective companythey are lacking in speed production, lacking in communication,they are disorganized and are acquire customer complaints due to low grade finished well. High performance was not shown.Co-coordinating the flow of work was less. Examples are like, Carl is firm, fastidious and finds it hard to communicate, high work pressure in production, lack of liberty for staffs, Dyeing and Cutting overstaffed, production held up in stitching.Goldenstate chiffonier use the following(a) skills to reach the end product with high quality to be competitiveWorking guidelines can be issued to each staff. Performance Appraisal. E.g. Clear working guidelines, procedures followed. accountability and Accountability to be notified. E.g., Quality Control must be thorough checked at each stage of production, and production to rectify the faults before consignment such this can suffice in increasing company image and make customers happy.Ease in the flow of work. E.g. Each department must lie with their share of t call for on time considering other sections as well. Clear priorities and work schedules.Staff credits (praises) and encouragement can be a describe to success in retaining staffs as well as increasing quality production. (notes from Lecturer )Team work, respect between Management and StaffsCrystal clear communication theory between CEO, Managers and Staffs with show effectiveness in GoldenState.Planning of Time and Staff Management should be done weeks earlier so that staffs are not over pressured.They should have a good flow of communication between Managers and Staff members E.g. Meetings, memos(notes from Lecturer )Question 2Answer 2.1Explain the leadership styles of Adam, the Knitting Manager, and James the Dying Manager, and comment on how appropriate you these are in the current situation?James, the Dyeing Manager is liked by his team as his spirit here shows that he is like a Laissez Faire. E.g. the staffs taking care of themselves and James does not say anything and as well as Participative. laissez faire- where the leader sits back and allows things to happen. For example, James, the Dyeing Manager.The leadership style of Adam, the Knitting Manager is straight forward as he quotes My bureau or NO way is Autocratic. Adam has the control and advocator over his command. his way is what he wants from his staffs is that things are to be done and accomplished as per his rules. In current situation, his way the staffs under Adam may feel pressured which can result in staff leaving job, lack of communication, not taking staff feedbacks. (notes from Lecturer )Though as a manager he is responsible for his teams output, he still analyses the situation his way and staffs do it their way to meet output which can be noted as individual association or good team work, a healthy relationship with staffs.In current situation, James feel accepted and may understand their responsibilities. James is conciliatory as well as its mentioned that he a llows no action if mistake is made. He can attentioned as a Team Player i.e. if one doesnt do he must be doing it himself as a team worker.Overall the company needs to optimize the production and improve the quality of products, so these Managers are doing their best what they can to meet the goals for GoldenState. (notes from Lecturer )Answer 2.2Use any motivational theory, or theories, to advise Adam, the Knitting Manager, how he might motivate his staff so they will remain with the company. Make sure you explain what he must do and how he might do it?Currently Adam has a my way or no way theory which does not motivate the staff. To motivate the staff, Adam has to show some Empathy which can show a resemblance in staff and feel welcomed at all time. He must encourage and motivate his staffs by offering the liberty to certain extent only, macrocosm friendly with them, offer the work diversity or in-house training(considering company budget). To do all this Adam should have regula r staff meeting and call for feedbacks from staffs, ask for new ideas and what and how else staff thinks they can be more effective(basic needs and expectancies).Adam can also call for incentives, he should be supportive. In this way staffs will feel welcomed and later Adam should represent his team with his superiors outlaying his department (notes from Lecturer )concerns. This is the easy and right way of communicating within an organization. Adam should (Ethics) make believe his trust and confidence amongst his staffs and be a role model and feel accepted and should feel himself in the team. Staff credits (praises) and encouragement can be a key to success in retaining staffs as well as increasing quality production. Job rotation, enrichment and enlargement.Adam can also use the both factor theory like Hygiene factor and Motivator factor. ( recognition, achievement credits, Job security, Organizational policies).The Maslow Hierarchy of needs and Expectancy motivations can also be used by Adam as follows. (notes from Lecturer )The Maslow Hierarchy of needs and Expectancy motivations can also be used by Adam as follows.Level of performance required by AdamFinal expected outcome from Adam and the business.Jobs required by Adam for staffGOLDENSTATE MANUFACTURERSSuccessself-importance esteem and confidenceBelongingness. Friendliness of staffThe Safety and security of the staffBasic needs of staff such as Food, Water, Shelter.PhysiologicalAnswer 2.3Mark the CEO Has told Ron, the Finishing Manager, that he should delegate more. Explain to Ron the steps he must take to delegate effectivevely making sure you clearly explain what he has to do at each step and how he might be able to do kit?According to Mark the CEO, Ron (Finishing Manager) should be more delegative. Ron should take the following steps to effectively operate his team of staffs, as we can notice in case-study that the workers turnover in Finishing Knitting is high. Ron should share the goal of the c ompany with each staff saying that the goal for Goldenstate is optimizing the production and improve the quality of the finished garment, regain Reputation and Image and say lets work towards these goals as a united team. He must also say that improvement suggestions as feedback in knitting process will be highly appreciated. deputation is a vital management skill. The advise that I can give Ron isCall up a Team meeting and praise all his staffs for the good work they doing. And say to all that once a person gains experience in this Textile (Garment ) industry, there are higher chances for responsibilities and promotions.Task to be prone to the people who Ron thinks is capable of to all. Such as his team has more workers turnover he can assign certain task and also carry on training for those less experience.The Finishing team should be advised by Ron about meeting the deadlines and quality as well, and each member must help each other to accomplish the deadline.Ron must clearly ad vise his team on Checking and controlling the quality.eg. checking dying, stitching,etc before working on finishing that this is where QCs can be advised.Ron should give his full support and communicate to the bottom level and must also credit for success..e.g. say thanks to each individual on the social movement they put in to meet quality.Work review must be done by Ron on daily basis e.g. checking the assigned task on finishing garments.Ron should plan his weekly target, arrange his weekly working roster and ask the staff for any flexibility and comfort if they have any..e.g. not getting extra workers per shift.Friendliness with authoritative accountabilities to responsible staffs will make them feel accepted and them willing to show www.delegations.uwa.edu.au/extra effort at work. Smart Delegations can get work done Smartly.Ron should also advise his team that when a product reaches Finishing Team and if they find a fault upon QC inspection, it should be NOTIFIED nowadays to t he supervisor or Ron where Ron can then advise accordingly. www.delegations.uwa.edu.au/These were few the view points for Ron to take and follow to have an efficient team to accomplish the GoldenStates goal and if all the departments work hand in hand they will meet there expected goal and gain customer trust in the market again. in that location are in the market to be top in competitive garment market and be a leading role model.

The Background To Social Constructivism Theory Sociology Essay

The Background To Social Constructivism Theory Sociology Es theorizeThis essay leave behind firstly describe the origins, background and archives of the Social Constructionism theory and how it is linked to Social Constructivism. Secondly, the essay will evince how this theory affects the way innerity is visited and explained. The essay will similarly show how pather(a) aspects such as religion and subtlety play a key role in informal pr performice and then examine some(a) of the early sexual reform movements. Fin every last(predicate)y, it will focus on some modern developments and influences that continue to shape our gender in the modern contemporary.In sociological theory of acquaintance in that location is also complaisant constructivism. This term refers to general philosophy in constructing knowledge in genial settings where groups collaborate and create small sh bed culture and shared meanings (Vygosky, 1978). Social constructivism is a theory that is closely l inked to social social systemism in a way that in both theories people work in concert in constructing artifacts. Social bodily structureism refers to artefacts that are created depending on the social interaction of a group whilst social constructivism address the individual learning that takes place in interactions in a group. The leger Social Construction was derived from social constructuctionism by (Berger and Luckmann, 1967) who were the first sociologists to use this word in 1966 when they wrote the book called The Social Construction of Reality. They argue that the word is made up of ordinary common sense. This was quickly followed by Foucault in the 1970s who describes Social Constructionism as cogitate to gracious sex. According to Berger and Luckmann (1967) social anatomical structure has the main features such as typification, institutions and significations. This notion is not only active worldly things but it profoundly affects the way we believe, think, our set attitudes and the way we behave. This means to say that our knowledge is socially constructed and is the centre which defines how the world is.Although sex activity has a diverse meanings Carroll (2007) describes it as mating rituals to create ideas, customs, laws, art and fantasies, around the sexual act. She suggests that generally, sexuality is also a term that determines the feelings and behaviour of merciful beings in relation to sex. Oakley (1985) describes sexuality as a reproductive aspect that focuses attention on shared functions on humanity by cultural tolerance. According to Oakley sexuality is recognized by indicant and vitality with some semipolitical advantages that accumulate to any man by desirable calibre of spreading his seed far afield and in that respectfore creating many branches of his decent line through different sets of children. In other words, sexuality is learned from culture, family, romantic partners, friends and within the context of society as a whole as well as from other sources. On the hand biological theories of sexuality emphasizes that it is fixed by nature and a strong link between hormones to chromosomes, brain anatomy, genetic patterns due to inborn that differentiate women and men. Bristow (1997) argues that the concept of sexuality is deeply embedded by sexual functioning, ovulation, pregnancy, conception, hormonal release and birth that are controlled by physiological.However, (Butler, 2004) Sexuality refers to natural distinctions in a cultural meanings and social forms which both there is a function of norms. Ones sexuality how to become or know your sexuality it depends on the modes in which is dispossessed. Wittig cited in (Butler, 2004) argues that sexuality is categorized in different ways, some psychologists like Fred tries to attempt it as an issue of genital organized sexuality. This type of sexuality referred to Lesbian who do it as an thriftiness of pleasures which will both challenge the braid of egg-producing(prenominal) subjectivity marked by women supposedly distinctive reproductive function. However, this was a construction of proliferation of pleasures through reproductive construction of genitality. Cameroon and Kulick (2003)define reproductive sexuality as a bridging nature and culture that clearly manifest gender between these two dichotomies. Witting cited in (Butler, 2004) describes the lesbian embody as sexually constructed since this is subjective to sex, desire and transforming of gender identity. Heterosexual was considered the only normal which Butler (2004) argues that present of normalization of heterosexual diffuse antigenital sexuality and ignores hegemonic social structure of sexuality.In the 19th century during Victorian times sexual radiation patterns were kept secret, very confined only regarded in home environment. Sexuality was taken as custody and engaged on in the purpose of reproduction. For example during this modern era time the women s tatus of sex was resolute by the way of change (Butler, 2004). She points out that married women were only allowed to wear long skirts and there was no clothing worn during their childhood and even in their pre-adolescence. Butler (2004) argue that women sexuality was constructed through sexual status by demonstration of their previous clothing. For example short skirts resembled as a sign of previous sexual experience among women. Women were considered to be very royal and honest after marriage (Butler, 2004) Foucault (1990) argues that during this time everything beyond outside household was regarded as abnormal only gestures, open transgressions and shameless talk about where bodies were displaying themselves was allowed as a norm of the society. Oakley (1972) points out that subordination of women originated from the masculine conception regarding woman, and raised some ideals, norms that strongly influenced women behaviour in lacking power in challenging male view of women s ex. Through patriarchy the suppression of women has continued and through social construction the role of women developed into that of the weaker sex who has suffered a pull down status than men in society.The social theorists such as Wolkwtiz (2006) describes the construction of sexuality as shaped through bodies by individuals and their identities. In addition to this womens decentlyist point out that female body are taken as body of embodiment. Foucault (1978) argues that culture so dominating in influencing sexual desire kind of than biological sex drive in human being. However, Feminists theorist believes that the choice on individual sexuality is most influenced on our ideas from the society. They believe that social construction of sexuality is based on power that man has authority for a number of centuries. Oakley (1997), argues that sex identity, gender identity and gender role only show conformity and two possibilities of the identity of masculinity as dominance over f emininity. She went on to say that therefore no one was born being as homosexual. In addition, the womens rightist also outlined that sexual gender inequality is the major issue in subordination of women and being seen as sexual objects by men, which result in sexual aggression such as rape and sexual abstinent. According to Butler (2004) argues that sexuality is socially constructed by the way women are treated, societies have different view on women, their bodies are seen as objects that are desirable to abuse, pornography, sexual harassment and prostitution. The feminist movement has given rise to a large body of theory which attempts to explain sexuality inequalities and set forth agendas for overcoming those inequalities. The major strands of feminism in the west during the twentieth century were liberal, socialist or Marxist and radical feminism. These feminist theories in relation to sexuality contrast markedly with one another. They sought to explain sexuality inequalities through variety of social process, such as sexism, patriarchy and capitalism (Faulcout, 1978). The feminists argue that male sexuality constantly views sex like an act that only men perform on the body of a women involves that involves erection of penis and penetration into women vagina. This only supports dominance of men over womens body that resulted from the way society constructing sexuality on human beings. Sexuality as well underwent the same epistemological shift. Postmodernism, in fact, invites to consider sexuality not as a biologically constituted and naturally determined entity that confine the possibility of action and existence of human beings, nor as a place where the true self is kept, but as a plastic entity fabricate by and within the language sexuality thus is socially and discursively constructed as well.However the Liberal and the Radical Feminists argues about heterosexuality regime in the society. They describe it as a socially compulsory regime that dissipa ted and masks the existence of women that result in undermining solidarity among women in facing subordination. Some Sociologists such as the Liberal and Radical feminists both argue that heterosexual is related to social constructionism and triggered for instance social violence upon women. They also argue that the distinctive categories of man and women form dangers to construction analysis (Johnson, 2005). The sociologists believe that society plays a vital role in influencing different sexual behaviors in societies. Carroll (2007) argues that family is one of the major factors which influence values for human sexuality. She believes that the construction of sexuality in contemporary societies is mainly emerged through male dominance. Culturally, in modern societies, male sexuality is being viewed as an act that involves male genital as having power over women genital and without these men genital do not have power. Sexuality is more shaped by human values and beliefs towards pow er through engagement of sex. Therefore, there are some shun and positive learned behaviors that women and men do to their sex roles in the society. Butler (2004) believes that construction of sexuality in society emerged through erection of male organ and denial of female orgasm. Our parents and family give strong influential messages about the norm of the societys view of sexuality. Family microsystem also influences how a society views sexuality (Beasley, 2005). In addition, Carroll (2007) argues that family views women as they are naturally born for reproduction and sex is not meant welcome for them. According to Butler (2004) criticize the concept of sexuality in a family because it considered all other sexual behaviors as being abnormal, immature and not suitable for human life. Butler (2004) mentions that in family structure women are not allowed to seek any knowledge regarding sex. The ideology of private nuclear family such as the father, baffle and children has also see n as social construction and male sexuality dominating. For example in Muslim Families, Women should be dressed in demeanor and long dresses. The feminist believes that social construction of sexuality is based on the power of mensFoucault (1979) identifies religion as a deconstructing theme which influences women in participating sexual activities. He outlines that female sexuality has been internalized in the negative view of their life experiences and social cultural constructions. Foucault (1979) argues that the institutional and structural sources of female sexuality is derived from womens sexual meanings and this impact women lives. Religion was seen as major influential on the construction of female sexuality because it explores sexual attitudes behaviors in marriage relationships. Beasley (2005 ) argues that religion do not prevent premarital sexual behaviors among human but it only enables religious men and women to become inactive in practicing masturbation. He emphasizes that masturbation is a actionment of sexual desire by practicing intercourse through oral stimulation of genitals and this is mostly done by inactive religious people. Judaism Islamic heavily argues that Biblical any practice of masturbation is regarded as a sin which produce guilt and shame. Johnson, (2005) argues that Christian religions impose beliefs on women that their sexual roles in the society are only to fulfill family desires and needs. These feelings make women inferior and seen being trapped in patriarchal structure of society. Foucault, (1992) selects that such as the Jude- Christian tradition portrays women as objects for the perpetuating mens use. Carroll (2007) mentions that during Victorian era Christianity viewed sexuality only as reproductive activity that only done for pleasure. For example there are two ideologies driven from the Puritans Christianity culture that construct sexuality. One is the Machismo which resembles the favorable position of men sexuality over women. Biblically, this means that women should be submissive to their husband and the husband is considered as the head of the family. The other one is the Marianismo that is based on the model that was played by Mary the mother of God. Carroll (2007) claims that women according to their sexuality should accept the superiority of husband as Gods will as it has been done by Mary. Beasley (2005) argues that church building is an institute that constructed for female to perform their sexualities according to religious beliefs in patriarchal society.The economy also plays a pivot role in influencing the beliefs and values of societies view of sexuality (Bayer, 1997). He suggests that capitalism like the U.S economy is deeply concerned about the exchange of the services with money. This gives a potential rise in some related sex services such as pornography, sex shops and prostitution. Bayer (1997) outlined that pornography is one of the human activities in the construction of sex uality. Foucault (1978) also argues that the human activity such as sex workers is also dominating in the construction of the notion of sexuality and commodification that conceptualizes selling of sex as normal. Pornography is the sword which has a social meaning in disciplining womens sexual behaviors in the western world Foucault (1984). Butler (2004) maintains that women sexuality in sex selling is exposed in terms of dressing sexy, nakedness and dancing and these social behaviors can make them attractive and identity is mostly created by sexual performances. She claims that selling of sex signifies the objectiveness women body in their sexuality. In addition Butler (2004) identifies that the decorative object materials such as fingernails polish, stripped overlythpaste, earrings and necklaces are seen as decorative labour for women in construction of their identity and put a boundary between male and female sexuality. However, the Postmodernism, consider sexuality as naturall y determined and constituted in the existence and action of human beings where there is no truth of self but confined in the entire plastic. Moore and Zuccarini (2009) suggest that pornography resulted due the economy of well-developed countries such as U.S.A, Britain where women from poor countries are trafficked for sex. This view is supported by Johnson (2005) who views the construction of sexuality through the means of graphic sexually exploitation and subornation of women gross(a) words and pictures in imitation of their bodies. Beasley ( 2005) argues that the sexuality of human sexuality such as women are more of dehumanization of their bodies, they are seen as sexual objects, presented in body parts such as buttocks, limited to vaginas, breasts, they present pleasure in rape.Media is a primary source which constitutes parts of international and national industries with related superficial reports on prostitution and trafficking women (Dorwkin, 1981). He went on to say that t his result in the objectifying of femininity and sexuality images among women. Dorwkin (1981) argues that media portrays the femininity sexuality give a healthy perpetuation dominant power structures to masculinity. Bayer (1987) also argues media such as magazines, mahogany has some photographs that construct images of femininity and female sexuality which produce fantasizing desires and pleasures in a limited way. Carroll (2007) argues that media plays a vital role in shaping the public opinion, interests and directing hearts and mind of the public in sexual political existentm. Bayer (1987) also argues that medias representation of characteriscs of homosexuality during their publication is not fully expressed and it does not show fully homosexual characters and it only expresses this idea as normal to the public. Dorwkin (1981) also claims that media behaves in a way the society deems appropriate. For example the lesbians shown on national television media do not show there real characters. Dorwkin (1981) went on to say the absence of a performance of lesbianism is not simply the absence of lesbian sex, but the absence of any representation of lesbianism as a factor that it encourages the society to lesbian identity.The invisibility of lesbianism character not only allows heartbeat to avoid any substantial portrayal of an experience outlawed by the dominant patriarchal discourse, but to obscure homophobia. Bristow (1997) suggest that the invisibility of lesbianism supports patriarchal values by removing the need to confront the homophobia and heterosexist/sexism that visible lesbianism signifies. He went on to claim that the sanitization for public consumption is always prevalent with the exception of when they do show gay characters, they are usually portrayed in a stereotypical, maidenlike fashion such as Nathan Lane in the movie. For example, the Birdcage or with the stigma of the gay man with AIDS, such as Tom Hanks in Philadelphia. Johnson (2005) ide ntifies that continuing prevalence of stigmatization and stereotyping of those considered deviant serves to maintain status and control of power the notion of heterosexuality as the norm of the society. However, Moore and Zuccarini (2009) argue that media contribute to the process of commodification of sexuality and conjure up cultural stereotypes around sex work even through their ostensibly disapproving reports on trafficking.They are different cultures which are also seen in the impart to construction of human sexuality such as, transsexuals, cross-dressers, transvestites, intersex individuals those born with ambiguous genitals Carroll (2007). Some surgical techniques were performed in the construction of their gender and sexuality. Sex reassignment military operation was developed to help bring transsexuals biology into line with their inner lives. Carroll (2007) points out that construction of sexuality on transsexuals depends on the interests, values and the individuals be liefs on being prize a as being male or female. Moore and Zuccarin (2009) draw attention to the distinctive categories of female and male genitals which are constructed and the use of silicone implants in creating breasts. They claim that the artificial constructions of the genital organs motivate the beliefs to those who recognise it as a fulfilment of their sexuality. Joseph (2009) also claims that some other cultures like the Persian disconnect country of Oman transsexual they undergo ritual castration where all their parts of genitals are removed and they believe this gives them special powers to bless male children. In addition to this Joseph ( 2008) also points out that in the contemporary culture, language such as the pornified messages are communicated through print and electronic media which a being seen as sexual liberating. Moore and Zuccarini (2009) argues that liberation of sexuality is only intimate part of humanity and its liberation expression can only be fulfilled and empowered and there is a major different experience in todays culture which result in capitalist commodification of sexuality in the whole society. Weeks (2000) also argues that the concept of bio power by Foucault which relate to power constructed by industrialisation in supporting cultural hegemony in capitalism. He emphasis that biopower is strongly linked to bio politics construction of sexuality and it regulates human sexuality into categories.The medical community also influences how a society views sexuality. For example, many years ago physicians taught that masturbation was a disease that could organize to permanent mental illness. This attitude influenced societal opinions of masturbation. Other behaviors in which physicians urged people not to engage included anal intercourse, extramarital sex, homosexuality, and bisexuality. Societys values about these behaviors were channelize by the medical communitys attitudes and beliefs. A fifth influence that regulates sexual behavior in the United States is the law (Carroll, 2007). The law establishes what sexual behaviors are officially right and wrong. For example, laws regulate the availability of certain contraceptive methods, abortion, and certain sexual behaviors. Laws help establish social norms and influence societal attitude.To conclude, many sociological issues contribute to the construction of categories of sexuality and gender identity in our society. The primacy of masculinity versus femininity, the categorizing of deviants as abnormal or needing psychiatric treatment, and the role of power in American society all contribute to explaining and understanding the role of deviance in our society. There are also several tools that serve to maintain, enforce, and reinforce these categories, but the strongest uniting factor is the imputation of negative status for that which is deviant. Foucault (1984) argues that we should avoid applying terms of behaviour to individuals. Rather than using terms such as heterosexual and homosexual to describe persons, we should use them in describing the nature of overt sexual relations. I think he posed this idea in light of conducting objective, unbiased research and the realization that the use of these terms was too restrictive and limiting to characterize a person based on their sexual behaviour. From a deeper point of view there is lot of evidence that there are so many factors that contribute in the determination on how society feels about sexuality.

Literature Review on Mortgage Default

Literature Review on Mortgage DefaultLiterature reviewThe evolution of mortgage inattention studies is characterized by Quercia and Stegman (1992) into three types of studies. The earliest realize dating back to the 1970s focuses from a lenders perspective on simple correlations and regression models capturing important borrower characteristics that can forecast bankruptcy. Home equity, income variability, loss of employment, death, and divorce are found to be the most important predictors of inadvertence risk (Von Furstenberg, 1969 Herzog and Early, 1970 Vandell, 1978).The second genesis of default research, rooted in consumer behavior theory, models the behavior of households, who rationally sink to default, in a more structural way. Papers by Jackson and Kasserman (1980), Campbell and Dietrich (1983), and Foster and Van Order (1984) explicitly formulate net-equity maximization models of default. Such unmerciful default models predict immediate default if a propertys value d rops a small margin below the level of the mortgage. These models emphasize the fiscal aspects of the mortgage default decision, ignoring borrowers characteristics.Towards the start of the 1990s, several models began examining transaction costs and crisis events that may delay, expedite, or eliminate the need to default. Quigley and Van Order (1992) find that transaction and reputation costs stag the default option on mortgages less ruthless than in other frictionless fiscal food markets. mend transaction costs by themselves do non explain observed behavior, reputation costs in particular are consistent with observed default behavior. These second-generation studies constitute the basis for the current state of the theory. The interrogation of the default decision as an option and the central business office of net equity constitute the dominant view in studies of default. Conceptually, the basic theory postulated by second-generation studies has not been revised since.The rec ent financial crisis has stimulated a revival of the academic interest in mortgage default, and the birth of a third generation of research models. Specifically, there defend been attempts to integrate mortgage default into more general counterpoise models of consumer behavior. Campbell and Cocco (2014) model mortgage foreclosures structurally and find negative equity, borrow constraints, high debt-to-income ratios and income growth as important determinants of foreclosure. Goodhart et al. (2011) and Foote et al. (2008) use a 2-period model to show that households choose to default and lose their homes to foreclosure, if the net implicit rents from owning plus the expect net equity position over their tenure horizon is negative. They find that expected house price appreciation, and the size of the mortgage payment are the chief(prenominal) factors in determining default. Corradin (2012) builds a life-cycle continuous-time model of household leverage and default in which the age nts optimally choose the down-payment, abstracting from inflation and interest rate risk. Garriga and Schlagenhauf (2009) also settle an equilibrium model of long-term mortgage choice and default to understand how leverage affects the default decision.Forlati and Lambertini (2011), the closest paper to this thesis, builds an infinite-horizon DSGE model with housing, risky mortgages and endogenous default. They state idiosyncratic risk in housing investment and the possibility for loans to be defaulted on, which results in an endogenous borrowing constraint exactly as the one for firms in Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist (1999). Their model does not have got any penalties for the households that choose to default. This assumption is unrealistic, as in the United States as well as in other countries, defaulters observe reputation and character score penalties which affect their possibility to borrow in the future, in addition to collateral losses. Hence, introducing non-pecuniary default penalties is useful when thinking about an equilibrium with default. The Forlati and Lambertini (2011) model also does not include a financial arena, therefore the financial accelerator mechanism is absent, in particular the banking side. There is no role for negative feedback loops operating through the banking sector as rising bad loan books and bank insolvencies, amplified by a liquidity crisis, can lead to a sharp credit contraction. This thesis builds a model incorporating some of these missing links.The literature review indicates a continued interest in mortgage default. While most empirical studies are well-advanced in their discoveries of the determinants of default, the theoretical literature is lagging behind developing models able to capture these determinants. I attempt to bridge the opening between the empirical determinants of default and the theory, by constructing a dynamic optimization model of borrower choice with housing market frictions and endogenous mortgage default, that will feature default centered around negative net equity, reputation penalties, and house valuation shocks. Refining the current DSGE models with the introduction of financial and micro-founded consumer behavior frictions is essential for the conduct of business cycles and financial stability.Theoretical ModelThis thesis builds a DSGE model drawing on a number of contributions in the literature on credit markets, housing markets, and debt default. The starting point is a model with financial frictions on the demand-side for credit (i.e. Kiyotaki and Moore, 1997 Iacoviello and Neri, 2010), to which I add a housing sector, a financial sector and endogenous debt default. The idea of default comes from the asset pricing literature, which allows for the existence of default as an equilibrium phenomenon (Dubey et al., 2005 Geanakoplos and Zame, 2013). A stylized representation of the model is depicted in Figure reffig8. The economy operates in discrete time over a n infinite horizon and combines five elements 1) two types of households, namely textitsavers and textitborrowers, who consume manufactured goods, put in housing, and work 2) a financial sector collecting deposits and extending collateralized mortgages 3) a large set of real (consumption habits, adjustment costs) and nominal (price and wage) rigidities 4) financing frictions in the housing and financial sector and 5) a rich set of shocks, essential in taking the model to the data.The economy is populated by patient (savers) and impatient (borrowers) households. Patient households consume, wrap up housing stock, save, and work. They own the productive capital of the economy, and supply capital funds to firms on the one hand, and deposits to banks on the other. Impatient households consume, accumulate housing stock, borrow from banks, and work. twain patient and impatient households supply projection services through labor unions, which set their wages subject to a Calvo scheme. O n the supply side, the non-housing sector combines labor and capital to produce consumption and business capital for both sectors. The construction sector produces new homes combining labor and land with business capital.The two groups of households have different discount factors. Discount factor heterogeneity between households induces heterogeneity in the marginal utility of saving across households. All else equal, borrowers have a lower $beta*$ and a higher marginal utility of immediate consumption relative to savers, inducing a desire to trade inter-temporally. Borrowers obtain collateralized mortgages from banks, season savers have a high discount factor $beta$ and invest their resources into bank deposits. The availability of loans to borrowers is subject to a borrowing constraint linked to the market value of their housing stock and the ability of the lending banks to extend credit. Borrowers can experience negative housing value shocks that are only observed by the househ olds themselves. When the value of their house falls below the value of their loan repayment, they choose to default on part of their mortgage. Default on secured debt is modeled through the partial tone loss of collateral and a non-pecuniary default penalty that enters the utility function of the households directly. In case of default, borrowers lose some of their housing stock which is repossessed by the bank, can a non-pecuniary default penalty, and re-enter the housing market in the next period as buyers again. Default is endogenously determined and, consistent with the literature on second-generation default models, triggered by shocks that are large enough to cause leveraged households to owe on their house more than the house is worth.Borrowers and savers are unable to directly write financial contracts. They do so through financial intermediaries. The financial sector is simply market-based banks borrow from savers in order to give loans to borrowers. In this way, I layer two sets of financial frictions that interact in equilibrium first, banks are restrict in how much they can borrow from ultimate savers, and second ultimate borrowers are constrained in how much they can borrow from the banks. Monetary policy is conducted by a central bank which faces a trade-off between output hoo-ha and inflation stabilization.The model provides a framework to understand the impact of house price fluctuations, monetary policy, demand shocks, and credit availability on the economy and the slipway in which financial regulation can dampen boom and bust cycles in the housing market.

Essay --

You never know how much you really believe anything until its truth or falsehood occasions a matter of sprightliness and death to you (C.S Lewis).The novel A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemingway engages numerous themes associated with love and death. Taking place during World War 1, Hemingway displays the horrors of war, yet he contains henry and Catherines love story in the midst of it all. Hemingway demonstrates themes such as godliness and reality of war associated with love, and uses weather and loss related to death. The novel revolves rough the love story between Henry and Catherine, taking place in the World War. Therefore, Henry emerges himself into love in order to escape and overcome the non-white reality of war. Similarly, Catherine mourns the death of her late husband but uses love to to fill the void. Religion is a major theme highlighted with love in the novel. Literary tyro Arnold A. Markley states, A religion or any organized system of beliefs has to be tried an d tested before frederic will be able to accept it, and as yet, he has found no system of beliefs or value to commit himself entirely. Early in the novel when his companions bait and tease the priest, Frederic nevertheless respects the downhearted man. (173). For example The priest informs Henry of the nature of love. When you love, you wish to sacrifice, you wish to serve (63). From the very beginning of the novel, Henry has had a special bond with the priest and his messages, strange the other soldiers. Also during their summer in Milan, Henry and Catherine talk about their marriage. and having a formal marriage with religious rituals, but Catherine goes on saying, You are my religion (237). So Henrys religion lives only in the form of his love for Catherine. After... ...her in Milan, Catherine tells Henry that shes scared of the rain. Though they both hump walking in it, she says I feel dead in it. Often the rain suggests imminent destruction there is a storm the night that Frederic must(prenominal) leave Italy to avoid being arrested, Catherine dreams that she is dead in the rain (173) Finally at the end of the novel after Catherines gruesome death, it is raining outside. Hemingway uses rain to refer that it is a force of nature which cannot be controlled, just as fate is something no one can control, Hemingway highlights love and death in the lives of Catherine and Henry as they experience the war in the background. He conveys this through religion and weather etc. Hemingway emphasizes that Life never goes as planned...its in those moments where you define yourself adapt and overcome. Youll become a better person because of it.

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Essay

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I DiedEmily Dickinsons poem I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died is centralized on the events of devastation and is spoken through the voice of the dying person. The poem explores both the intend of life and death through the speaker and the significant incidents at the time of near death that the speaker notices. Many of Dickinsons poems contain a theme of death that searches to find meaning and the ability to cope with the inevitable. This poem is no exception to this traditional Dickinson theme however its unusual comparisons and language about death pock it apart from how one would view a typically tragic event. I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Diedby Emily DickinsonI comprehend a gasify buzz - when I died -The Stillness in the RoomWas like the Stillness in the Air -Between the Heaves of Storm -The look around - had wrung them dry -And Breaths were gathering firmFor that last Onset - when the KingBe witnessed - in the Room -I wil led my Keepsakes - Signed awayWhat portion of me beAssignable - and then it wasThere interposed a Fly - With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light - and me -And then the Windows failed - and thenI could not contain to see -In this first stanza, the scene of a deathbed is set. No specifics are given about the dwell, the dying speaker, or the people that wait in the room for an outcome. The fly is introduced and its significance is not explained as of yet. One detail that is heavily stressed is stillness in the room. The word stillness is repeated and compared with the calm in a storm. This suggests two things the motionlessness of death and the anticipation of something yet to come. The calm within t... ...y examined for the beauty and grace of God. In this poem, however, the fly is a messenger to the speaker. The flys strawman both comforts and informs the speaker about death and the appreciation of life. By choosing this creature, Dickinson portrays the beauty in every living thing even the pesky fly has a purpose and a place on earth and in life. The poem also explains what the dying is experiencing, but it strays away from describing pain and fear and concentrates on how the speaker pays close attention to those that will continue to live. The speaker hopes to leaving something significant behind other than just material goods. She also notices that in the unrealistic moments before death, the stillness in the room encompasses everyone and everything, including even the air that fills the room. These elements work together to expose the beauty and serenity of death.

Change Management Essay -- essays research papers fc

What a director does and how it is done can be categorised by Henri Fayols four functions of management Planning, Organising, Leading and Controlling. Through these functions managers can be catalysts for change or by definition change agents People who act as catalysts and manage the change process. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2000, p.438) Wether performing the role of the change agent or not, change is an integral part of a managers job. Change is An rescript in mountain, structure or technology. (Robbins et al., 2000, p.437) Change occurs within and around organisations today at an unprecedented speed and complexity. Change poses threats and creates opportunities. The fact that change creates opportunities is reason why managers need to encourage change.What a manager can change falls distinctively into the three categories stated in the definition of change people, structure and technology. The manager can make alterations in these aras in an attempt to adapt to o r facilitate change. The change of people involves changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions and behaviour. These changes ar used to help people within organisations to work together more effectively. Changing structure relates to job design, job specialisation, hierarchy, formalisation and all other organisational structural variables. These changes atomic number 18 ones that need to be flexible and not static to be adaptable to change. Technological change entails modification of work processes and methods and the introduction of new equipment. Changes in this area have been broad especially in the areas of computing and communications.An organisations environment has both specific and general components, or micro and macro environments. The organisation also has its sustain personality or culture. This environment and culture can be the generator of forces for change. Needs from within the organisation can stimulate change, these are internal forces for change. Of course, the singularity between external and internal forces is blurred because an internally induced change may be prompted by the perception of an external event. (Barney & Griffin, 1992, p.755) Todays organisations are characterised by frequent disruptions to its environment. New strategy, new technology and change in employee mix or attitudes are all internal factors that can c... ...uture. In a chaotic, dynamic world of change we must be able to come up with new ideas and inventions in order to compete in the global market. Those who are good innovators are the ones who can gain competitive advantages. Change and survival are synonymous. Survival demands change. Managers must be intuitive and read the current and changing situation surrounding them and make the best decision to coordinate work and apply resources. We have discussed what change is, how we depict it and what forces or creates change. Change implemented the right way can unleash employee creativity and potential, redu ce bureaucracy and costs, and provide ongoing improvement for an organisation. Given these benefits it would seem a good idea to encourage change.BIBLIOGRAPHYBarney, J., Ricky, W., (1992), The commission of Organisations, Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A.Cummings, T., (1997), Worley, C., Organization Development & Change, South-Western College Publishing, Ohio.Graham, R., Englund, R., (1997), Creating an Environment for Successful Projects, Jossey-Bass Inc., California.Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., Coulter, M. (2000), Management, Prentice-Hall Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney.