Essay about History of Nature and Nurture - 1866 Words

Abstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited through your parent and when you were told something you didnt learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through letters explaining there point of views and denouncing the others. This leads to Pavlov coming up with the idea of behaviorism in the early 1900‘s. Behaviorism became the new wave of Psychology and influenced a lean towards the nurture side. It was†¦show more content†¦Two philosophers, G.W. Leibniz and John Locke, were main representatives of their respected explanations. Leibniz promoted the internalism point of view. Cowie states, ...Leibnizs position on this issue is, of course, that the tabula is far from rasa: ‘The soul inherently contains the sources of various notions and doctrines, which external objects merely rouse up... (Cowie, 1999, p. 7). Leibniz argued against Locke and other empiricists stated that ...there is no way ideas which come into the mind from outside can be formed into beliefs and judgments without the operation of specific internal mechanisms (Cowie, 1999, p. 17). At the same time, John Locke and his fellow philosophers campaigned for empiricism. Like Aristotle, the philosophers believed that humans thoughts and actions were determined not by innate factors, but by the their unique experiences (Ashcraft, 1998). Locke argued against the internalists by examining different human processes such as logic and reasoning. He would ask how it was possible to use logic and reasoning if people were born with all of the knowledge they would ever acquire (Cowie 1999, p. 19). The contrasting views of the two groups had begun the nature vs. nurture debate, which would linger in the fields of philosophy and psychology for decades. A point should be made that even though the interalists and empiricists felt strongly about their theories, theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs. Nurture M. B. Liberty University Psychology 101 Nature vs. Nurture There has been extensive debate between scholars in the field of psychology surrounding the Nature vs. Nurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analyticalRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture And How Studying Psychology Can Improve Critical Thinking818 Words   |  4 Pagesinherent mission of history. 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People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists haveRead MoreEssay on Human Development: Nature vs. Nurture1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is an old issue within the field of psychology. â€Å"The nature-nurture issue is a perennial one that has resurfaced in current psychiatry as a series of debates on the role that genes (DNA) and environments play in the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders† (Schaffner) The debate is essentially about what is inherited (nature) and what is experienced by environmental factors (nurture) and how they affect human development. Naturally, the nature versusRead MoreThe Power of Nature and Nurture Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate on nature versus nurture has been a mystery for years, constantly begging the question of whether human behavior, ideas, and feelings are innate or learned over time. 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I will discuss the difference between nature and nurture and then I’ll apply to each of these philosophers and how they react to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looked up in the dictionary the term nature means the universe and its phenomena or one’s own character and temperamentRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have performed unethical and immoral studies to determine why two people with similar genetic composition can come from similar backgrounds and turn out so differently. I have witnessed a person raised in a poor home by parents with drug addictions become a thriving contributable member of society

The Global Population Of The United Nations Essay

The United Nations estimates that by 2076, the global population will be nearly 11 billion people. Currently, the global population is slightly below 7.5 billion people, which means that in 60 years the amount of people on the Earth will increase by roughly 3.5 billion people. Living accommodations will have to change for this large increase in population, resulting in smaller and more cramped homes. Large cities will have to not only build more apartment complexes, but also build them taller in order to accommodate more people. At this point in time, the technology is not available to allow an extra 3.5 billion people adequate living conditions. However, the future generations will be able to advance technology enough to figure out a solution. Moore’s Law observes that every two years, the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles. In simpler terms, it says that the processing power for computers doubles every two years. This indicates that the future holds many technological advancements, and sixty years from now the technology used in homes will be drastically more advanced than the technology used in homes today. As a result, all 11 billion people will be able to live comfortably. The home of the future will look much different than the homes of today. It will be able to perform many more tasks and will be much more than just a building that a person owns and sleeps in. Right now, both the population in cities and the property prices in cities keepShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations : A Politically Corrupted System Of Global Proportions1543 Words   |  7 Pages1945, the boundaries of the United Nations have expanded to the point to where we must ask ourselves, where do we draw the line? At it’s current rate of bureaucratic expansion, the possibility exists that the United Nations will eventually usurp the governments of the world, including that of the United States. There are both those who praise and demonize the collective f unctions and goals of this entity that we have fabricated out of an admirable search for global reconciliation. In the case ofRead MoreThe United States And Alaska1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Western United States and Alaska were slammed with massive heat in 2014. Records were broke in North America and across every inhabited continent. The oceans were warmer except around most of Antarctica. Scientists say that the warming of the ocean is, ...providing the energy that fuel damaging Pacific storms.. Along with record breaking heat temperatures, the 2014 year passed 2010 for the warmest year. The top 10 warmest years have occured since 1997. The scientists say this is, a consequenceRead MoreEssay Sustainable Development and Population Control1569 Words   |  7 PagesSustainable Development and Population Control      Ã‚  Ã‚   A nineteen year old pregnant Chinese girl is forced to abort because she is too young to have a child. 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Its defense forces comprise of three divisions; the Royal New ZealandRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many threats to global health in today’s world but the one that seems to be the greatest threat to the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many government officials have dismissed overpopulationRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Vaccination On United States Citizens Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pageslongevity for United States citizens. Today, citizens live almost twice as long as they did a century ago. Lifespan is a rough indicator of a population’s overall health. This is possible because of the successful elimination of many form ally lethal illnesses. 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Which will create a global imbalance in quality of life and put an even greater strain on our planet’s resourcesRead MoreThe Four Major Threats to the Global Community and the Planet1332 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Global Threats Introduction Mr. President, as I see it, there are four major threats to the global community and the planet that should be of immediate and utmost concern, and they are: a) Environmental challenges (global climate change and the environmental degradation that will result from the warming of the planet); b) Global Security / Terrorism (the unpredictable and undisciplined application of military power due to the changing nature of nations and states, e.g., terrorism, weapons of mass

Business Insurance Law and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Business Insurance Law and Practice. Answer: Introducrion: The income that is earned directly or indirectly by the residents of the Australia and whether it is earned outside or within the country is regarded as the assessable income. Therefore, the income that is generated from the sale of the property by the resident of Australia is treated as the assessable income of the individual residents of Australia (Barkoczy 2016). The assessable income has been classified into two sections under the income tax assessment act. 1997. The two sections are as follows: Statutory income Ordinary income The income which is not generated from the ordinary courses of business is considered as the statutory income (Miller and Oats 2016). Section 10-5 describes the statutory income and the following income is described under the statutory income and the incomes are listed below: Bonus received on insurance Capital gain generated from the sale of capital assets On the termination of employment, the lump sum amount received Recovery of bad debt Imputation credit Barter transaction generating profit Royalties received In order to determine the taxable amount of such income, the statutory income are calculated separately. On the other hand, the income that is generated from the general or ordinary course of action is described as the ordinary income. The ordinary incomes under the section 6-5 are listed down below: Income generated from various properties such as interest received from deposits, rent earned form the properties and the dividend receive form the investments. Income such as leave encashment, salary, wages, pensions that is received monthly. These incomes are generated from the personal exertion (Woellner et al. 2016). Income that is generated from the business such as sale of trading stocks, the income generated from the farming, and the profit generated from the business Peta has purchased the house for two reasons and the house is attached with the two tennis courts. She has purchased the house to live in with the family permanently and to build the units at the court so that she would sell them to earn more profits. However, the whole tennis court was sold by Peta to the tennis club. Peta was not involved in any sort of the real estate business as Peta has purchased the property deliberately to sell it and earn profit. Peta was interested to sell the property into small units so that she is able to generate the profit from such sales; however, she had to sell it in a whole to the tennis court. Therefore, under section 10-5 such income that is generated from the sale of the property would be regarded as the statutory income, instead of regarding as the ordinary income (Moore 2015). The income generated from the sale of the tennis courts would surely be regarded as the assessable income. The property was purchased by Peta with an intention to sell the tennis unit constructed to earn the profits. The net income earned by Peta would be regarded as business income of Peta after deducting all the expenses such as expenses incurred for the fencing and resurfacing. Under section 6-5, given the case such income would be considered as the Petas ordinary income (Rimmer et al. 2014). Peta would have to pay the taxes on the net income generated by deducting all the expenses incurred and the cost prices for the assets sold. However, if Peta show the income generated from the sales as the capital gain, she would be able to claim exemption of taxes for fifty percent on the net income generated. Therefore, under section 6-5, the income of $ 600000 would not be regarded as the ordinary income from both points of view. In order to ascertain the fringe benefit liability of tax for ABC Pty Ltd on the expenses this is made for Alan, it is necessary to make the following assumptions: The expense of bill of mobile phone which is paid by the employer on employee behalf would be treated as the fringe tax benefit. ABC Pty Ltd has paid the expenses of mobile phone bills directly to the third parties rather than reimbursing it to Alan. The annual expenses of mobile phone amounts to $ 2640 but the monthly expense of the mobile phone bill is less than $300. Therefore, the expenses of the mobile phone bills of ABC Pty ltd could be consider for fringe tax benefit. In order to compute the liability of fringe tax benefit, the wages and salaries which is paid to the employees of ABC Pty Ltd would not be considered. Therefore, the salary paid to Alan would not be considered to compute the fringe benefit tax liability Form the employer end, the mobile phone that is provided for the work purpose to Alan would be treated as the expenses related to the work. Therefore, in calculating the total amount of GST items that are inclusive, the cost of mobile phones should be included. The item which needs to excluded from the fringe benefit tax taxable amount are the handsets gross up amount. Other item which is treated as the expenses fringe benefits are the school fees of children of Alan which is paid by ABC Pty Ltd. Here, the employer is directly paying the private expenses of the employees and therefore, it should be included for the purpose of fringe benefit taxation (Ring 2014). The total amount of GST free benefits and the GST inclusive benefits is necessary to be computed separately. The total value attained should be multiplied by the gross up rates individually which is applicable to the different types of benefits The entertainment fringe benefits would include any expenses which are paid by the employer for the entertainment of the employees. The deduction on such expenses would be claimed by the employer under the rule of otherwise deductible. However, the claim is restricted only to the amount that is spent by the employees. Therefore, the expenses which are made on the expenses of the associates or the family members of employees cannot be considered in the fringe benefits of entertainment. It is therefore, not possible for Pty Ltd for the exact amount that is spent per head for the entertainment of the employees only (Martocchio 2013). The calculation of the fringe benefit tax would include the total amount. The total gross up value is deducted from all the exemptions and is charged with the rate of fringe benefit tax to attain the net taxable value. In order to calculate the liability of the employer regarding the fringe tax benefit, the rate is taken to be 49%. The fringe tax benefit liability of ABC Pty Ltd under the rules and assumptions are calculated below: In the Books of ABC Pty Ltd. Calculation of Fringe Benefit Tax Liability as on 31.03.2015 GST Inclusive GST Free Particulars Amount Amount $ $ Payment of Phone Bill 2640 Payment of School fees of Employee's Children 20000 Dinner at Restaurant 330 Providing Mobile Phone Bills 2000 Total of GST Inclusive/Free Benefits 4970 20000 A B Gross-up Rate 2.1463 1.9608 C D Gross-up Value 10667.11 39216 E = A x C F=B X D Total amount taxable Fringe Benefit 49883.11 G = E + F Less : Exemption for Mobile Phone at gross-up value 4292.60 ($2000 x 2.1463) H Net Taxable Fringe Benefit 45590.51 I = G - H Fringe Benefit Tax Rate 49% J Fringe Benefit Tax Liability 22339.35 K = I x J If the total cost of dinner would remain the same and if there would be only five employees of ABC Pty Ltd for the dinner, the cost of dining per head would be higher and this would results in higher liability of fringe benefits tax to the employer. In the Books of ABC Ltd. Calculation of Alternative Fringe Benefit Tax Liability as on 31.03.2015 GST Inclusive GST Free Particulars Amount Amount $ $ Payment of Phone Bill 2640 Payment of School fees of Employee's Children 20000 Dinner at Restaurant 1320 Providing Mobile Phone 2000 Total of GST Inclusive/Free Benefits 5960 20000 A B Gross-up Rate 2.1463 1.9608 C D Gross-up Value 12791.95 39216 E = A x C F=B X D Total Taxable Fringe Benefit 52007.95 G = E + F Less : Exemption for Mobile Phone at gross-up value 4292.60 ($2000 x 2.1463) H Net Taxable Fringe Benefit 47715.35 I = G - H Fringe Benefit Tax Rate 49% J Fringe Benefit Tax Liability 23380.52 K = I x J The total liability of fringe benefits of taxation would remain unchanged if the dining costs is reduced and the dining cost per head would remain same. The fringe tax benefit would include only the costs which would be incurred for the employees, even though the ABC Pty Ltd includes the clients. For the entertainment purpose of the clients, the company cannot claim any deductions and the fringe tax benefits for the entertainment purpose would be applicable to the employees receiving benefits (Kaplan and Price 2014). Reference: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. James, S., Wallschutzky, I. and Alley, C., 2013. The Henry Report and the taxation of work related expenses: Principles versus practice Kaplan, R.L. and Price, D.J., 2014. Change and Continuity in Fringe Benefit Taxation: Seeking Sense and Sensibility.NYL Sch. L. Rev.,59, p.281 Lepow, C.G., 2015. Taxation and Insurance.Business Insurance Law and Practice Guide,3. Martocchio, J., 2013.Employee benefits. McGraw-Hill Higher Education Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Moore, M., 2015. Taxation and development. InThe Oxford Handbook of Politics of Development. Oats, L. ed., 2012.Taxation: a fieldwork research handbook. Routledge. Rimmer, X., Smith, J. and Wende, S., 2014. The incidence of company tax in Australia Ring, D.M., 2014. Moderator, International Taxation. Schwidetzky, W.D. and Brown, F.B., 2015.Understanding Taxation of Business Entities. LexisNexis. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australia.

New York Essays - Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, Brooklyn

New York New York is probably one of the most interesting cities in the world. It has something to offer to everybody. If you are looking for culture you make the right choice visiting one of the hundreds great museums in the city. If you want night-life: you are probably right in one of the famous clubs and discotheques of the city. Or if you just want relaxing holidays you better go to one of the famous parks N.Y. has to offer I would recommend you to see Brooklyn Bridge if you are interested in great engineering work. The Brooklyn Bridge is located across from City Hall Park. It is one of the great engineering milestones of the 19th century. Overlooking the East River, this historic crossing divides Manhattan and Brooklyn. Visitors are able to walk across the bridge for an excellent view of lower Manhattan, and there is a path for pedestrians and bicyclists that allows a contrasting view of the two boroughs. When the Brooklyn Bridge opened in 1883 after 16 years of construction, it linked the two independent cities of New York City to Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first suspension bridge build with steel. N.Y. is also famous for hosting the UNO nations headquarter (like vienna does, too) The buildings and grounds contain sculpture and other works of art donated by member nations. Here, in the Parliament of Man, history is made as representatives of member nations work to resolve international problems. A limited number of free tickets is available on a first-come, first-served basis, for meetings of the General Assembly and Councils, when in session, shortly before meeting times, 10:30am-3:30pm. You can fulfill almost all your needs from high culture to wilderness inside the city limits, but if you are determined to see the surrounding areas, here are a few ideas for day trips out of the city. There are some good beaches near New York and it's possible to get to them for a day trip. Coney Island is the nearest, you can get there on the subway but I wouldn't swim there because the water is pretty dirty as they say. A better bet is to check with the Long Island Railroad and inquire about their special beach packages which are available in June, July, and August.. For instance, you can get a round trip ticket to Long Beach on Long Island and a pass to use the beach for the day for about $12. Princeton University: One of the most respected Universities in the U.S. and also one of the prettiest, Princeton is about an hour from New York by train and a little more by bus The Hudson River valley, north of New York City is very picturesque and even produced its own style of landscape painting, the Hudson River school. The town of Cold Spring is a small riverside community with small restaurants and antique shops with a dramatic view across the river. It's especially attractive during fall foliage season. As you can see New York offers something for everybody. If I would have the possibility I wouldn't think twice and take the next plane directly to this amazing interessting city.